In the spirit of trying to peer around the corner, here is a stab.
Nat Gas Themes:
2023 - LNG on the Horizon
2024 - Power
2025 - CNG adoption
Quick unpack of CNG, what we know now and what could come to be. 🧵
First off. Why now? We've had CNG trucks for 20 years and they've never taken a bite. Whats different?
The engine is different. Higher displacement, higher torque, makes the new CNG engine a win for light haul and heavy haul. You can make the same distances, and carry the same loads for 2/3 to 1/2 the cost + a 30% emission win.
EV's can work for light duty vehicles but are terrible for heavy loads. This is the technological gap that CNG can plug.
ISI over the weekend
"We estimate demand displacement from LNG & CNG heavy-duty truck adoption at ~120 MBPD in China year to date, roughly triple the impact seen in 2022 and 2023."
"We estimate increase adoption in 2024 has displaced roughly ~120 MBPD of diesel demand, a meaningful headwind. For context here, the rapid adoption of electric cars in China is replacing ~200 MBPD of gasoline demand YTD."
"That said, most drivers recoup the added up front costs of purchasing an LNG truck in the first year of ownership. Diesel demand in China set to peak as a result of continued LNG/CNG adoption + EV transition. Continued LNG/CNG adoption is expected to result in diesel demand peaking in China sometime in the next couple years."
"Keeping an eye on India… When it comes to LNG heavy-duty truck adoption, we see India lagging China by ~7-10 years. To that end, we expect to see a significant lag in terms of when the above trends start to materialize."
Almost all of these articles solely focus on the diesel displacement... Well what is the incremental natural gas consumption?
Efficiency and age of engine matter a little bit but the rough numbers are every 100 mbpd of diesel displacement is 0.5-0.6 bcfpd of additional natural gas consumption.
Remember these displacement numbers are showing up annually right now and there is a big fleet to replace. ISI estimated the displacement could get up to 200 mbpd per year in China alone, thats 1-1.2 bcfpd of additional natural gas demand... thats a >10% bump to global natural gas growth, and sops up a LNG export plant every 1-2 years!
Where else, what about North America? Well the fleets have certianly figured out how cheap this is...
UPS, Amazon, GFL all are migrating. Also works on stationary combustion; if you are running a diesel generator, you could save yourselves a bucket of money moving to NG. (VoltaGrid, Certaurus/SPB, TOU know this well).
What's the blue sky; we can all try and napkin math out transport TAM, but high level I think its pretty reasonable to expect that this could turn into a 1-3 Bcfpd global demand theme that has meaningfully started in Asia, and is coming to a garbage truck, semi hauler, Zamboni near you...
Between power, LNG, and CNG, its demand on demand for gas to the end of the decade.
Power Thought
GS dropped 3 AI / Power reports this morning (my cup overfloweth!) and over the past 3 weeks we've seen over a dozen estimates from research houses and industry participants alike.
If you want to take a law of large numbers approach the median expectation is for ~5 Bcfpd of additional natural gas power burn by 2030, which squares to effectively just the market share capture of the anticipated load growth.
If gas can continue to increase market share (as it has in both coal switching regions but also greening regions as a key source of grid hardening) then we can cast our eyes upward towards the 10 Bcfpd+ trajectories.
One thing that these reports never seem to overtly capture is (a) the global picture (GS did a bit today and sees 34-48% power growth [all sources and fuels] in Europe by 2032) and (b) where price will play a role.
On the gas side if price floats from $2 to $4 over the next 1-2 years as is expected (CAL26 strip trades $4 for the first time since November today) there will be some elasticity in demand, some coal/oil will come back. $4 is still low enough for a lot of capacity build out to make sense, but it is interesting to see in this whole theme which analysts seem to be the most nervous - the Utilities analysts.
They see a sector that sized debt obligations in a 1% interest rate world, about to see 3-5% interest rates for longer than they were expecting, higher feedstock costs (nat gas prices), and an increasingly cost conscious customer base in which to try and place growth capital into a rate-base increase. Tricky!
It might be that the real infrastructure demand play is all independent power producers (IPPs) who step up to install behind-fence power solutions for the industrial (data center) players who need it. Much like crypto, this will stumble upon the market without the regular fanfare of publicized capacity timelines and que filings.
The decentralization of power could be a pretty big disruptor for the utility sector, regulatory capture, and climate goals. It also could be a really large accelerator for the power sources that can step up for the 24hr load demands facing the market. Perhaps 10 Bcfpd by 2030 is not just possible but probable.
The simple load growth and market share assumptions that each scenario imply
The EPA making room for higher utilization on the existing fleet and new peaker instalation
Most common thematic natural gas question today is what will data center energy consumption mean for domestic natural gas power burn consumption.
Some thoughts 🧵👇
First. What could this look like. Estimates vary. Also data centers aren't the only thing going on in power. Heat pumps, air conditioning, industrial revamp are all vending into power demand forecasts. Lets broaden the net to total US power demand and acknowledge data centers will play a large role.
Through specific ISO forcast reports and the national load report you can get a bit of a sample. It's a bit messy and not standardized. Some forecasts are of peak load, winter or summer, some of average. Directionally its pointing to ~1% per year load growth or 11% over 10 years (5 GW)
A generalist investment memo in Energy. My take. 🧵
Opener - which energy source holds the best forward return outlook?
Selecting from renewable (wind / solar / hydro), oil, gas, nuclear & coal
Which subset has the best S&D set up to provide for outsized investment returns?⬇️
- Renewables? Subsidy gamed infrastructure in a high interest rate enviro with scaling cost pressures into a constrained raw material market... No thank you.
- Oil? bullish S&D but long term demand grind... Not great. Not terrible. Can we do better?
- Coal? the cigar butt of the energy stack. Value to be had, but equities will always trade like options.
- Utes? Interesting from a build out rate base thesis but energy input costs + transmission bottlenecks + high interest rates present enough headwinds to park for now.
"Levelized cost" math gets in the way of good public policy.
A quick example.
Exhibit A) these make renewable costs look very compelling; and I think they are factually accurate. Just incomplete.
Based on this slide you wouldn't invest in gas or gas gen. But "hold up"
🧵
~1/2 as cheap? How can gas / Nuke / Coal / Hydro compete?
Cost looks compelling. Profit must follow the same ranking? Not quite.
Pricing is wildly different through the day.
Solar generates during the day (duh), peaking gen comes in at night.
Each day's power price is going to look very different depending on the environmental (weather) stresses present and any supply outages or interuptions (cloud cover, low wind, pipeline issues ect).
When stress is in the system, rewards fall at night.