Problem: If you accept the proposition that a deity you worship is a later day addition to H pantheon, and perhaps even inspired by a contact with foreign tribe, how can you continue to worship without slipping into cognitive dissonance?
@halleyji please let me know if I captured the problem reasonably accurately.
Assuming this is indeed the question, here's how I'd approach. 1. Lemma-1: The devas have multitude of forms.
E.g. "rūpam rūpam bobhavīti" - (Indra) assumes multitude of forms. Note the intensive form of the verb. This signifies repetitions or simultaneously large number.
ajāyamāno bahudhā vijāyate- unborn one (purusha) manifests in multiple forms.
Another example from a taittiriya brAhmana that explicitly states devas deposited their terrifying forms and that aggregate manifested rudra.
Lemma 2: The multitude of forms can include forms of other devatas.
The unpacified agni in agnichayana is actually rudra in the terrifying form. He has to be pacified with shatarudrīya chant.
In later texts, the raudra form of Vishnu is nŕsimha. Even standalone hanuman is rudra and syncretizes with bhairava.
Lemma 3: Not all rūpas of devatas needed to have manifested already.
Tradition recognizes that a deva takes a form "for divine sport/līla", or for the benefit of a bhakta or even as a realization as a mantramUrti conceptualized by a mantra adept/deshika.
Tons of purANas, sthalapurANa and Agama have examples for this.
For example, there's no bhairava in RV, but a later day mantra teacher who visualizes a form of bhairava and the "Rishi" of a tantric mantra can deploy a mantra from RV as if it is for that specific bhairava in that specific form.
This form doesn't exist in RV and demonstrably
Later. Still sampradaya practitioners don't have an issue that this is a "later day addition" as the mantra teacher simply manifested a latent form using her mantrabala.
That's why syncretic forms of hanuman/bhairava as hanubhairava, nrsimha/rudra etc. exist.
Coming to gaNapati/skanda - rudra himself is a man-killer and cattle-killer. But he's also the medicine bringer and can heal once pacified.
His sons - the marut stormtroopers is the basis for later day evolution of skanda and vinayaka. Both of them are trouble makers - can bring obstacles or pediatric diseases. But once pacified, are graceful to the devotee.
"maruto gaNAnAM adhipatayaH te mA avantu".
Already maruts are "lords of the troops". GaNapati is just "lord of the troop". "devasenAnAm abhibhanjatInAM".. mantra to maruts reinforces the sena/army connection. Skanda literally is devasenApati.
The vaishNava ectype of the "lord of troops who's obstacle remover" is vishvaksena and accompanied by jayatsena (imo skanda equivalent). His retinue include horse-headed and elephant-headed deities.
Both skanda and ganapati can be explained as internal evolution of our deities without positing some hypothetical tribe with a hypothetical elephant headed God. To conceptualize a deva with elephant head you just need to be exposed to an elephant.
That's the parsimonious explanation.
To sum up- Even is a deity's form is temporally later, or even if it's inspired by a foreign religion, an H "doesn't adopt" the foreign god but sees the form as a new manifestation of deities he always worshipped. /fin
A very short remark on svasti puņyāhavāchanam. This is a preliminary ritual done before Main rituals, where an even number of brāhmaņas are invited, a kalaśa is installed with due decoration, water is filled, perfumes, gems, gold, herbs, and seeds are added.
Varuna is invoked in the kalaśa. A japa of various mantras (typically around the themes of purification and auspiciousness) is done. I've examined prayoga manuals of all the 4 vedas as well as the vasudeva puņyāhavāchanam of pāñcharātrikas. Only in the pancharatra deployment,
Sudarshana is invoked and the chakra mudra is shown on the kalasha. A long shloka to vāsudeva and other pāñcharātra deities replace the vedic mantras, though the vedic śānti mantra tacChamyo is recited in the end.
Thread on origin and evolution of 7 Rishis. Credit to the linked tweet that spurred a discussion in a private group where certain questions were raised. 1. What's the origin of the concept of 7 Rishis? 2. How did it evolve over time? 3. Who were the 7 Rishis?
4. Is there a canonical set of 7 Rishis? If so, why the names keep changing across texts?
These are interesting questions and Rigveda should be the last place one would typically look. Even the term saptarishi is sparse in RV (1 or 2), but that's where I wanted to start.
Given that the reference itself is sparse, obviously the members of the 7 would be absent. I wanted to do a sanity test. "Do not assume who or what is a Rishi but empirically look at RV data and see what shakes out". And some interesting observations did shake out.
A thread on the evolution of Hindu kavacha literature:
Typical characteristics of a kavacha are as follows: 1. They are shlokas invoking various names of the deity. 2. Each name is invoked for protection. 3. Typically protection is sought in various directions (East, West,...)
And on various parts of the body. 4. Simply reciting is sufficient to obtain protection (though the kavachas occurring in tantric literature are accompanied with a ritual deployment).
This literature is voluminous. Collating all material from itihasa-puranas, tantra/agamas
Would be a research endeavor for a PhD student. Some typical samples below -
Drawing from my own tradition, dvAdashanAma panjaram is popular among vaiShNavas - It begins with "purastAt keshavaH pAtu" - 12 forms of viShNu starting with Keshava are invoked for protection in all
A note on mantras. There was an offline conversation with an acquaintance regarding whether mantras should be kept secret or be open sourced for anyone to open and study. While, obviously the outcome was a stalemate, one thing became clear. It's actually hard to define a mantra
While an H has an intuitive grasp of what it is, describing it is another story. I was reflecting on this briefly. One can go via the etymological route - *men -PIE to think. However, Avestan has the cognate manthra (mãthra actually with ã being a nasal vowel).
Looking at how manthra is understood can actually throw good light on what a mantra is on our side. The implications and all the nuances of the word actually goes at least back to IIr. Let's start with Airyama-ishyô.
A sampler of vratas to keep while learning certain samavedic mantras. The upanayana ceremony confers basic eligibility to start learning the veda. The student keeps the usual austerities while living with teacher - moderation in food, fasting, obeying teacher,
Sleeping on the floor. This list is long and well documented in dharma shastras regarding the rules of veda vrata. Now, certain higher mantras require even higher austerities. For e.g. performance of āditya-vrata makes the student eligible to learn shukriya mantras.
Nothing should come between the sun and the student during the day. The student wears a single cloth. He doesn't enter the water more than knee-deep. After one year, he can learn the shukriyas.
Subaqueous fire problem: A reflective thread.
In the past I've tweeted on this topic which is essentially a highlight of textual evidences and my opinion and let readers draw their own conclusions. In contrast, this thread is an attempt at my reasoning in the form of FAQ.
1. What is the subaqueous fire or "fire in the water" problem?
Rigveda talks about fire that's from waters in numerous instances. "apsu antar" - inside waters; "agnim samudra vāsasam" - agni, having ocean as clothes.
A conception of fire inside the water is strange and there has to be a reason for this conception. Finding a satisfactory reason for this reason is what I call the "fire in water problem".