Mike Hoerger, PhD MSCR MBA Profile picture
Nov 26, 2024 1 tweets 2 min read Read on X
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, Nov 25, 2024

About 1 in 118 people in the U.S. are estimated to be actively infectious with Covid.

If gathering with 10 people for the holiday, know there's about an 8% chance at least one person would have Covid if no testing/isolation. 🦃

Looking ahead, the best case scenario for Christmas would be similar to the Y1 winter wave or a median (typical) summer wave. Worst case, close to the median for the winter, much like 2 years ago.

Info for new readers:
For those unfamiliar with the PMC model, find full weekly reports for the past 14+ months at pmc19.com/data

The models combine data from IHME, Biobot, and CDC to use wastewater to estimate case levels (r = .93 to .96) and forecast levels the next month based on typical levels for that date and recent patterns of changes in transmission the past 4 weeks.

Our work has been cited in top scientific journals and media outlets, which are fully sourced in a detailed technical appendix at pmc19.com/data/PMC_COVID…

Examples include JAMA Onc, JAMA-NO, BMC Public Health, Time, People, TODAY, the Washington Post, the Institute for New Economic Thinking, Salon, Forbes, the New Republic, Fox, CBS, and NBC. See pgs 11-13 at the above link. We will have a pre-print out in the next month or two documenting very compelling evidence for the validity of using wastewater to estimate case rates.

Likely no report next week while I'm on a very Covid-safe holiday weekend. I'll Tweet an update if CDC/Biobot post data.Current Levels for Nov 25, 2024 % of the Population Infectious 0.8% (1 in 118) New Daily Infections 404,000  New Weekly Infections 2,828,000  Resulting Weekly Long COVID Cases 141,000 to 566,000  Monthly Forecast Average % of the Population Infectious 1.8% (1 in 56) Average New Daily Infections 858,633 New Infections During the Next Month 25,759,000 Resulting Monthly Long COVID Cases 1,288,000 to 5,152,000  Running Totals Infections Nationwide in 2024 233,786,000 Average Number of Infections Per Person All-Time, U.S. 3.48  How does risk increase with more social contacts? Number of people |...

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More from @michael_hoerger

Jan 25
During this 12th COVlD wave, the CDC reports 1-in-3 states have "High" or "Very High" levels.

PMC estimates the proportion of residents actively infectious (prevalence):
◾️USA: 1 in 67
◾️IA: 1 in 27
◾️MI: 1 in 25
◾️IN & CT: 1 in 23
◾️ME: 1 in 21
◾️OK & SD: 1 in 17

🧵1/ Heat map using CDC data. National PMC prevalence estimate noted; estimated incidence of 732,000 new daily infections.
On average, Americans have have 5.0 cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infections.

This week's infections are expected to result in 1/4 to 1 million new #LongCOVID conditions and ≈2,000 excess deaths.
🧵2/ Column 1: Table of state-level prevalence estimates. Highest estimates noted in the thread text.  Column 2:  Proportion Actively Infectious										1 in 67 (1.5%) New Daily Infections										 732,000  Infections the Past Week										 5,220,000  Infections in 2026										 24,000,000  Cumulative Infections per Person										 5.04  										 Long COVID										 Long COVID Cases Resulting								37,000 to 146,000		   from New Daily Infections										 Long COVID Cases Resulting								261,000 to 1,040,000		   from New Weekly Infections										 										 Excess Deaths										 Ex...
The wave peak is now estimated >10% higher than last week at 1.2 million new daily infections, nearly double the Delta wave.

We expect sustained high transmission (≈600,000 to 750,000 new daily infections) the next few weeks as COVlD circulates through schools/families.
🧵3/ Fig 1: Graph of 12 waves  Fig 2: "Barometer" showing above average transmission  Fig 3: Year-over-year graph, which informs the analytic forecast  Fig 4: Forecast described in post
Read 4 tweets
Jan 17
Based on today's CDC & Biobot data, we estimate the following for the week of Jan 19:

🔸1 in 52 people in the U.S. actively infectious
🔸25% chance of exposure in a room of 15 ppl
🔸Nearly 1 million new daily infections
🔸5 cumulative infections per person all-time (avg)
🧵1/5 Heat map from CDC data with PMC estimates. Description of "Very High" states in next post
Transmission estimates have been marginally corrected upward.

11 states have Very High COVlD levels:

🔸PA: 1 in 25 estimated actively infectious
🔸MI: 1 in 23
🔸OH & KY: 1 in 22
🔸SD: 1 in 20
🔸NE & IA: 1 in 18
🔸IL & ME: 1 in 17
🔸IN: 1 in 16
🔸WV: 1 in 11
🧵2/5 Proportion Actively Infectious										1 in 52 (1.9%) New Daily Infections										 941,000  Infections the Past Week										 6,020,000  Infections in 2026										 18,000,000  Cumulative Infections per Person										 5.01  										 Long COVID										 Long COVID Cases Resulting								47,000 to 188,000		   from New Daily Infections										 Long COVID Cases Resulting								301,000 to 1,200,000		   from New Weekly Infections										 										 Excess Deaths										 Excess Deaths Resulting 									270 to 450	   from New Daily Infections										 Excess Deaths Resulting 				...
We're in the middle of a 12th COVlD wave.

The peak has likely passed, but with students headed back to school, transmission is expected to remain high for at least the next several weeks.

🧵3/5 1) Graph of 12 waves 2) Barometer showing above-average transmission 3) Year over year graph 4) Forecast for transmission to decline and then percolate at high levels
Read 5 tweets
Jan 10
The size of the winter COVlD wave has been revised upward as post-holiday data come in.

We estimated 1 in 55 people in the U.S. are actively infectious.

🔥WV: 1 in 14
🔥IN: 1 in 15
🔥MI & OH: 1 in 21
🔥MO: 1 in 22
🔥CT: 1 in 24
🔥KS: 1 in 25
🔥MA & IL: 1 in 27

Quick 🧵 1/4 Heat map and PMC estimates, 1 in 55 infectious and 892,000 new daily infections for Jan 12.  We expedited the report to release it two days early.
Nationally, we are seeing an estimated 892,000 new daily SARS-CoV-2 infections, meaning a 1 in 4 chance of exposure in a room of 15 people. Risk varies considerably by state.

We are approaching an average of 5 infections per person since pandemic onset.
🧵 2/4 Alabama	Moderate Alaska	Very Low Arizona	Very Low Arkansas	High* California	Very Low Colorado	Low Connecticut	Very High Delaware	Moderate District of Columbia	Very Low Florida	Very Low Georgia	Very Low Guam	Very Low Hawaii	Very Low Idaho	Very Low Illinois	Very High Indiana	Very High Iowa	High Kansas	Very High Kentucky	Moderate Louisiana	Moderate Maine	High Maryland	High Massachusetts	Very High Michigan	Very High* Minnesota	Moderate Mississippi	Low* Missouri	Very High* Montana	High Nebraska	High Nevada	Very Low New Hampshire	Moderate New Jersey	Low New Mexico	Moderate New York	High* North Ca...
We are in the 12th COVlD wave of the U.S.

Current transmission is higher than 68% of all days since the pandemic onset in 2020.
🧵 3/4 12 waves of COVlD  Pandemic barometer: Higher than 88% of the past 100 days, 73% of the past year, 68% of the entire pandemic.  Year over year graph  Forecast of slowly declining transmission.
Read 4 tweets
Jan 8
You might not have heard, but the northeastern U.S. is in a COVlD surge.

We use wastewater levels to derive estimates of the proportion of people actively infectious in each state (prevalence), e.g., 1 in 24 people in Connecticut.

Let me walk you through it...

🧵1/8 Colors show CDC levels PMC prevalence estimates noted: -Maine 1 in 38 actively infectious with COVlD -New Hampshire 1 in 35 (limited data) -Vermont 1 in 75 -New York 1 in 44 (limited data) -Pennsylvania 1 in 44 -Massachusetts 1 in 36 -Connecticut 1 in 24 -Rhode Island 1 in 41 -New Jersey 1 in 82
Notice that #Connecticut has excellent SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance. It's "Very High" across much of the state, per CDC.

Based on wastewater levels, we estimate 1 in 24 residents are actively infectious w/COVlD. That's a 66% exposure risk in a room of 25 people.

🧵2/8 Colors show CDC levels PMC estimate of prevalence
The CDC reports "Very High" levels in #Massachusetts.

The surveillance is less robust, but we estimate 1 in 26 residents are actively infectious, similar to our estimate in CT where coverage is better.

In a room of 25 people, that's a 62% chance of an exposure.

🧵3/8 Colors show CDC levels PMC prevalence estimates provided
Read 8 tweets
Jan 8
We're in the middle of a 12th COVlD wave in the U.S., with transmission particularly high in the Midwest and Northeast.

The CDC announced this week that COVlD continues to kill more Americans than breast and prostate cancer combined.

Get boosted & #MaskUp 💉💪😷
1/4🧵 Heat map of CDC data with PMC prevalence estimate
Levels are "Moderate" to "Very High" in 26 states.

However, data reporting is slow, and about 1/3 of states have low-quality data this week due to the holidays and illness.

2/4🧵 National estimates: Number of People		Chances Anyone is Infectious			 1				1.5%	 2				3.0%	 3				4.5%	 4				6.0%	 5				7.4%	 10				14.3%	 15				20.7%	 20				26.5%	 25				32.0%	 30				37.0%	 50				53.8%	 75				68.6%	 100				78.6%	 200				95.4%	 300				99.0%
Barometer: Higher transmission than 90 of the past 100 days (perhaps higher still, due to low data reporting quality)
State	CDC Level	Actively Infectious Alabama	Moderate	1 in 48 (2.1%) Alaska	Very Low	1 in 152 (0.7%) Arizona	Very Low	1 in 201 (0.5%) Arkansas	High*	1 in 36 (2.8%) California	Very Low	1 in 484 (0.2%) Colorado	Moderate	1 in 49 (2.0%) Connecticut	Very High	1 in 24 (4.2%) Delaware	Low*	1 in 70 (1.4%) District of Columbia	Very Low	1 in 5,835 (0.0%) Florida	Very Low	1 in 284 (0.4%) Georgia	Low	1 in 90 (1.1%) Guam	Very Low	1 in 687 (0.1%) Hawaii	Very Low	1 in 874 (0.1%) Idaho	Very Low	1 in 169 (0.6%) Illinois	Moderate*	1 in 56 (1.8%) Indiana	High*	1 in 34 (2.9%) Iowa	Moderate	1 in 41 (2.4%) Kansas...
State	CDC Level	Actively Infectious Missouri	Moderate*	1 in 42 (2.4%) Montana	High	1 in 34 (2.9%) Nebraska	Very High	1 in 26 (3.9%) Nevada	Very Low	1 in 138 (0.7%) New Hampshire	High*	1 in 35 (2.9%) New Jersey	Low	1 in 82 (1.2%) New Mexico	Low	1 in 87 (1.2%) New York	Moderate*	1 in 44 (2.3%) North Carolina	Low	1 in 82 (1.2%) North Dakota	High*	1 in 34 (3.0%) Ohio	Very High	1 in 27 (3.7%) Oklahoma	Moderate*	1 in 62 (1.6%) Oregon	Very Low	1 in 170 (0.6%) Pennsylvania	Moderate	1 in 44 (2.3%) Rhode Island	Moderate	1 in 41 (2.4%) South Carolina	Moderate	1 in 54 (1.9%) South Dakota	Very High	1 in...
If like years 1-4 of the pandemic, the winter wave has peaked. If like last year, we could hover near peak levels for a month.

Forecasting quality is low with 1/3 of states having data issues. Hopefully, we'll know a lot more in a few days.

3/4🧵 12 waves
Proportion Actively Infectious										1 in 65 (1.5%) New Daily Infections										 749,000  Infections the Past Week										 5,390,000  Infections in 2026										 3,000,000  Cumulative Infections per Person										 4.88  										 Long COVID										 Long COVID Cases Resulting								37,000 to 150,000		   from New Daily Infections										 Long COVID Cases Resulting								270,000 to 1,080,000		   from New Weekly Infections										 										 Excess Deaths										 Excess Deaths Resulting 									220 to 370	   from New Daily Infections										 Excess Deaths Resulting 					...
year over year graph
forecast
Read 4 tweets
Jan 5
We told you that 109,000-175,000 Americans would died of COVID (excess deaths) in 2025.

Today, the CDC estimates 101,000 deaths/year (flat from Oct 2022 to Sep 2024), and likely higher when considering more nebulous non-acute excess deaths (heart attack 6 months later).
1/5
The CDC estimates are actually higher than I would have guessed, given their methodology, which models estimates based on easily countable factors in healthcare and expert input on multiplier values. It lends credence to the PMC upper bound of excess deaths of 175,000/yr.
2/5
What's troubling is the CDC has annual mortality flat. My expectation based on mortality displacement and Swiss Re data is that it should be declining. If is stays flat, we're running on something like breast+prostate cancer or lung cancer deaths per year in perpetuity.
3/5
Read 6 tweets

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