SARS-CoV-2 variants are not simply competing with each other, but are in fact WORKING TOGETHER in a COOPERATIVE MANNER !!! π€ pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10β¦
2) This study looked at how different versions of the COVID-19 virus, called variants, have evolved over time. The researchers found that these variants are not just competing with each other, but are actually working together.
3) As new variants emerge, they take in and use the genetic changes (mutations) from previous variants, rather than completely replacing them. This suggests the variants are building on each other's changes, not just trying to beat each other.
4) The study also showed that the combination of mutations in each variant helps balance out the extreme effects that individual mutations can have. This indicates the variants are working together to maintain a healthy balance, not just one variant dominating.
5) Another key finding was that the variants adapt to different seasons and locations in a coordinated way. The genetic signatures (haplotypes) of the variants became disconnected across regions due to seasonal changes.
6) This implies the variants are adjusting to environmental conditions together, not competing for a single environment.
Overall, the researchers conclude the variants exhibit "cooperative evolution." The accumulation of mutations creates a complex but balanced landscape ...
7) ...suggesting the variants are evolving together as a connected population, not just outcompeting each other.
In summary, the COVID-19 virus variants are not simply competing. They are working together by building on each other's changes, balancing extreme effects, and ...
8) ... adapting to different environments in a coordinated way. This cooperative evolution allows the virus to rapidly diversify and adapt as a united population.
Thanks for reading π and happy safe year 2025 π·
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An interesting and simple πππ study sent by my friend David Joffe :
"Regulation of N-degron recognin-mediated autophagy by the SARS-CoV-2 PLpro ubiquitin deconjugase"
2) The SARS-CoV-2 virus has an ENZYME called PLpro that can remove 'tags' (called ubiquitin) from host proteins, preventing them from being broken down. The study found that PLpro INTERACTS with enzymes that MARK certain PROTEINS for DESTRUCTION.
3) By keeping these tagged proteins from being broken down, PLpro can change how the cell recycles and gets rid of proteins. This affects a process called AUTOPHAGY, which the virus uses to modify the cell's internal structures and HIDE from the IMMUNE SYSTEM.
WHAT IF TOMORROW, HUMANS were the ONES INFECTING other MAMMALS with H5N1?
The study found that the H5N1 virus isolated from a human dairy worker in Texas (rHPHTX) had mutations that enhanced its replication and pathogenicity (100% mortality) in mammals ! tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.10β¦
2) The study describes the rescue and characterization of recombinant influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from infected cattle and a human dairy worker in Texas. The human-origin virus (rHPhTX) had several unique amino acid substitutions compared to ...
3) ...the cattle-origin virus (rHPbTX), particularly in the polymerase and nonstructural proteins.
In vitro, rHPhTX replicated more efficiently than rHPbTX in mammalian and avian cell lines, despite similar antiviral susceptibility.
Harnessing the Power of Human B Cells: A Rapid Antibody Engineering Platform to Arm Against Emerging H5N1 Threats biorxiv.org/content/10.110β¦
2) The CODE-HB platform offers a powerful approach to rapidly evolve improved antibodies targeting emerging infectious threats like H5N1 influenza. By harnessing the natural somatic hypermutation mechanisms of human B cells, the researchers demonstrated the ability to ...
3) ...evolve variants of the CR9114 antibody with enhanced binding to the H5 hemagglutinin protein from H5N1 strains.
H5N1 poses a major pandemic risk as it can spread from birds to humans.
UNCOVERING the STRUCTURAL SECRETS of the key SARS-CoV-2 E PROTEIN Ion Channel:
How the T9I Mutation in Omicron Variants Modulates Viral Pathogenicity ?
Again, this remarkable T9I mutation that we've been discussing for the past 2 years in a new study: pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jaβ¦
2) The SARS-CoV-2 E protein forms an ion channel that contributes to the virus's ability to cause disease (pathogenicity). The E protein's transmembrane domain (ETM) contains a network of polar residues that are crucial for its ion conduction function.
3) A key mutation, T9I, is found in the Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. This mutation changes a polar threonine residue to a hydrophobic isoleucine at the entrance of the ion channel.
When the CONCEPT of QUASISPECIES is finally REDISCOVERED ! π€
(mega-threadπ§΅)
Itβs worth noting that we faced considerable criticism when we first introduced it for SARS-COV-2. However, this study illustrates that this concept is truly fundamental. virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11β¦
2) The key concept highlighted in this study is the use of viral quasispecies analysis to trace SARS-CoV-2 transmission during a hospital outbreak.
Viral quasispecies refer to the diverse population of slightly different viral variants that exist within an infected individual.
3) This is because viruses like SARS-CoV-2 have high mutation rates, leading to the emergence of these related but distinct viral sequences.
When a person is infected, the virus replicates and generates this quasispecies cloud.
Sensor-based electronic noses are emerging as a promising technology for assessing Long COVID (LC) through noninvasive volatile organic compounds (VOC) sensing in exhaled breath. pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acβ¦
2) Long COVID (LC) presents significant challenges for diagnosis and management due to its diverse symptoms affecting multiple organs. Current diagnostic methods lack standardization and completeness, prompting the exploration of innovative technologies like sensor-based ...
3) ... electronic noses. These devices offer a noninvasive approach for assessing LC by sensing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. Although the specific VOCs associated with LC are not fully characterized, research suggests their potential as biomarkers.