LaurieWired Profile picture
May 12 6 tweets 4 min read Read on X
What if humanity forgot how to make CPUs?

Imagine Zero Tape-out Day (Z-Day), the moment where no further silicon designs ever get manufactured. Advanced core designs fare out very badly.

Assuming we keep our existing supply, here’s how it would play out: Image
Image
Z-Day + 1 Year:

Cloud providers freeze capacity. Compute Prices skyrocket.

Black’s Equation is brutal; the smaller the node, the faster electromigration kills the chip.

Savy consumers immediately undervolt and excessively cool their CPUs, buying precious extra years. Image
Image
Z-Day + 3yrs:

Black Market booms, Xeons worth more than gold. Governments prioritize power, comms, finance. Military supply remains stable; leaning on stockpiled spares.

Datacenters desperately strip hardware from donor boards, the first "shrink" of cloud compute. Image
Image
Z-Day + 7Yrs:

Portable computing regresses, phone SoCs fail faster from solder fatigue. Internet switches hit EOL, nothing horrible yet, but risk increases.

Used “dumb” car market skyrockets, lead-free solder in ECUs experience their first failures from thermal cycling. Image
Image
Z-Day + 15Yrs

The “Internet” no longer exists as a single fabric. The privileged fall back to private peering or Sat links.

Sneakernet via SSDs popular, careful usage keeps them alive longer than network switches. For those lucky enough not to have their desktop computers confiscated, Boot-to-RAM distros and PXE images are the norm to minimize day-to-day writes.

HDDs are *well* past the bathtub curve, most are completely dead. Careful salvaging of spindle motors and actuator arms, with precision repairs keeps the most critical high capacity arrays online.Image
Image
Z-Day + 30Yrs

Long-term storage has shifted completely to optical media. Only vintage compute survives at the consumer level.

The large node sizes of old hardware make them extremely resistant to electromigration, Motorola 68000s have modeled gate wear beyond 10k years! Gameboys, Macintosh SEs, Commodore 64s resist the no new silicon future the best.

Fancier, (but still wide node) hardware like iMac G3s become prized workstations of the elite. The state of computing as a whole looks much more like the 1970s-80s.Image
Image

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More from @lauriewired

Sep 3
It’s time to get rid of frame rates.

In weird corners of the internet, researchers and standards committees discuss frameless video containers.

Sensor data as a continuous function, down-sampled to any frame rate you want.

Here's what it'll look like in 10 years: Image
Image
There’s two schools of thought, depending on the crowd you hang around.

NeurIPS folks tend to like continuous-time fields (software).

Hardcore EE types discuss event-based sensing (hardware, timestamps).

Bear with me, it's easier than it sounds: Image
Image
Consumers are gonna see continuous-time fields first.

It doesn’t require new cameras or hardware.

Take a video, re-encode frames into “extracted features”, decode with a ML model, refit to any framerate.

Popular topic at NeurIPS, MPEG Standard is already discussing it. Image
Read 5 tweets
Sep 2
Much like humans, CPUs heal in their sleep.

CPUs are *technically* replaceable / wear items. They don’t last forever.

Yet, the moment stress is removed, transistor degradation (partially) reverses.

It's called Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) recovery: Image
Image
Transistors are little switches.

When you hold a switch on, especially when it’s hot, a bit of charge gets stuck where it shouldn’t.

Every time that happens, it gets a little bit harder to switch.

In other words, the transistor gets a little “lazier”. Image
Over 10 years, in a modern processor, the ALU can slow down 6%!

FPGAs get hit even harder. Run it hard (slightly over-volted), and you’re looking at a few % a year of slowdown.

Not something the average user would notice, but definitely has to be accounted for. Image
Image
Read 5 tweets
Aug 29
I’ve been on a filesystem kick, and it’s interesting to see the DNA of older ideas pop up in modern designs.

BeFS was crazy in the 90s; the whole architecture was basically a searchable database.

Skimming through their book…it sounds a lot like current Apple FS design. Image
Image
Turns out there’s a good reason for that.

“Practical File System Design”, was written by Dominic Giampaolo in 1999, for BeOS.

Giampaolo joined Apple in 2002, where he became lead architect for…APFS.

Released in 2016, it's funny to see the same ideas 17 years later. Image
Image
In some ways, BeFS is still the more “modern” filesystem!

BeFS embedded search into the FS itself, Apple keeps the indexing+search layer separate.

Both love B-trees, per-file metadata, and 64-bit structures.

It's really not *that* different. Image
Read 4 tweets
Aug 21
Why do most uninterruptible power supplies still use old, lead-acid battery tech?

Nearly every battery in your house (phone, watch, even electric car) is lithium based...except UPSs.

It all has to do with battery chemistry. Lead-Acid has some unique advantages: Image
Image
Contrary to what you might think; lithium batteries are not a “straight upgrade”.

Lead-Acid handles being “floated” at near ~100% capacity for years.

Considering UPS’s spend 99.9% of their life sitting at full charge…waiting for an outage, it's an ideal use-case. Image
Lithium-based cells *hate* sitting at 100%.

The thermal management, per-cell protection, and balancing electronics are significantly more complex than lead-acid’s simple float charge.

Lithium UPSs do exist, but they are pricey and make some huge compromises. Image
Read 4 tweets
Aug 19
The West has a blindspot when it comes to alternative CPU designs.

We’re so entrenched in the usual x86, ARM, RISC-V world, that most people have no idea what’s happening over in China.

LoongArch is a fully independent ISA that’s sorta MIPS…sorta RISC-V…and sorta x87! Image
Image
Of course, Loongson (the company) realizes that most software is compiled for x86 and ARM.

Thus, they decided to add some hefty translation layers (LBT) built into the hardware.

LBT gives you for extra scratch registers, x86+ARM eflags, and an x87(!) stack pointer. Image
LoongArch is a *hefty* ISA; about ~2,000 instructions.
To put it in perspective, base RISC-V is like 50.

That said, it’s pretty clean to read. All instructions are 32 bits, and there are only 9 possible formats.

Certainly easier to decipher than modern x86. Image
Read 4 tweets
Aug 15
lp0 is a Linux error code that means “printer on fire.”

It’s not a joke. In the 50s, computerized printing was an experimental field.

At LLNL (yes, the nuclear testing site), cathode ray tubes created a xerographic printer.

...it would occasionally catch fire. Image
Image
State-of-the art at the time, the printer was modified with external fusing ovens hit a whopping…

1 page per second!

In the event of a stall, fresh paper would continuously shoot into the oven, causing aggressive combustion. Image
As tech later advanced to drum machines, the fire “problem” didn’t go away.

High speed rotary drums could cause enough friction during a jam to self-combust.

Even minor hangups needed immediate intervention. Image
Read 5 tweets

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