LaurieWired Profile picture
May 12 6 tweets 4 min read Read on X
What if humanity forgot how to make CPUs?

Imagine Zero Tape-out Day (Z-Day), the moment where no further silicon designs ever get manufactured. Advanced core designs fare out very badly.

Assuming we keep our existing supply, here’s how it would play out: Image
Image
Z-Day + 1 Year:

Cloud providers freeze capacity. Compute Prices skyrocket.

Black’s Equation is brutal; the smaller the node, the faster electromigration kills the chip.

Savy consumers immediately undervolt and excessively cool their CPUs, buying precious extra years. Image
Image
Z-Day + 3yrs:

Black Market booms, Xeons worth more than gold. Governments prioritize power, comms, finance. Military supply remains stable; leaning on stockpiled spares.

Datacenters desperately strip hardware from donor boards, the first "shrink" of cloud compute. Image
Image
Z-Day + 7Yrs:

Portable computing regresses, phone SoCs fail faster from solder fatigue. Internet switches hit EOL, nothing horrible yet, but risk increases.

Used “dumb” car market skyrockets, lead-free solder in ECUs experience their first failures from thermal cycling. Image
Image
Z-Day + 15Yrs

The “Internet” no longer exists as a single fabric. The privileged fall back to private peering or Sat links.

Sneakernet via SSDs popular, careful usage keeps them alive longer than network switches. For those lucky enough not to have their desktop computers confiscated, Boot-to-RAM distros and PXE images are the norm to minimize day-to-day writes.

HDDs are *well* past the bathtub curve, most are completely dead. Careful salvaging of spindle motors and actuator arms, with precision repairs keeps the most critical high capacity arrays online.Image
Image
Z-Day + 30Yrs

Long-term storage has shifted completely to optical media. Only vintage compute survives at the consumer level.

The large node sizes of old hardware make them extremely resistant to electromigration, Motorola 68000s have modeled gate wear beyond 10k years! Gameboys, Macintosh SEs, Commodore 64s resist the no new silicon future the best.

Fancier, (but still wide node) hardware like iMac G3s become prized workstations of the elite. The state of computing as a whole looks much more like the 1970s-80s.Image
Image

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More from @lauriewired

Oct 3
DDR5 is unstable garbage.

Max out your memory channels? Flaky.
Temperature a bit too hot? Silent Throttle with no logs.
Too “Dense” of a stick? Good luck training.

Last gen was rock solid by comparison. Here's what happened. Image
Image
More than ever, manufacturers have been pushing memory to the absolute limits.

JEDEC, the standards committee, is pretty conservative.

Yet the moment DDR5 launched, everyone threw JEDEC out the window.

Intel + AMD's memory controllers were *not* ready to handle it. Image
DDR5-4800 was the baseline.

Day one kits were pushing 6000+. Today, even 8000+.

On-die error correction is masking chips that would have been binned as trash in the DDR4 era.

The gap between JEDEC spec and retail has never been wider. Image
Read 4 tweets
Oct 2
Virtual Machines render fonts. It’s kind of insane.

TrueType has its own instruction set, memory stack, and function calls.

You can debug it like assembly. It’s also exploitable: Image
Image
Anytime you can run code (albeit very limited code), someone will take advantage of it.

TrueType (TT) is unfortunately famous for many Windows Kernel zero days.

TT is memory bound, therefore not Turing-complete…but you can still do crazy things with it. Image
Fontemon is a fun one, a pokemon-style game packaged as a TTF.

llama.ttf is even more insane. A 60MB font that runs a 15M parameter llama model to generate stories.

Seemingly normal at first, when you use excessive exclamation points it starts to generate text!
Read 4 tweets
Oct 1
This processor doesn’t (officially) exist.

Pre-production Engineering Samples sometimes make it into the grey market.

Rarer still are Employee Loaner Chips. Ghosts abandoned before ever becoming products: Image
Image
A few days ago, someone found an Intel Pentium Extreme 980.

No laser etched model number; just some scribbled sharpie.

In 2004, Intel (very publicly) canceled the 4Ghz Pentium 4…yet here it is.

It's a hint at some internal politics. Image
The Pentium group was all-in on single core performance.

In the early 2000s, Intel advertised wild charts expecting to hit 10Ghz.

Meanwhile, the Core2Duo team was the backup plan.

An underdog team in Haifa, focused on laptops. Image
Image
Read 4 tweets
Sep 29
A common Programmer brag is being extremely adept at keyboard shortcuts.

Tiling WMs, TUIs, Vim keybindings everywhere, etc...

But is it actually faster?

Apple spent $50 million on R&D in 1989 to prove otherwise: Image
Image
Bruce “Tog”, head of UI testing at Apple, claimed their research showed:

1. Users *felt* keyboard was faster
2. Stopwatch tests proved mouse was faster

Hold on. Apple had a huge conflict of interest; they're trying to sell the public on the idea of the mouse. Image
Modern human factors research add some nuance.

At first, Mouse GUI’s are much faster. ~50% better latency than CLI.

After 200 repetitions of the same task, CLI (keyboard) just barely edges out mouse latency. Image
Image
Read 4 tweets
Sep 26
Modern Radio Communication is crazy good.

On the Apollo moon landings, the spacecraft used a ~20W Downlink.

Today, we can get that down to about 0.001W.

Waveguides, phased arrays, and of course software make the difference: Image
Image
First things first, keep it cold. Crazy cold.

Thermal noise kills SnR. Keep an amplifier at ~10 Kelvin, and we get close to fundamental limits (quantum noise floor)!

For S-Band (common for space), that’s about a 5x power reduction. Image
Image
Time for some software.

If you’re an EE, you might be familiar with Shannon’s limit.

Modern encoders (LDPC) get *really* close to this mathematical bound.

Fun fact, your cellphone (on 5g) uses this encoding. 6x power reduction. Image
Image
Read 4 tweets
Sep 25
Encryption is kind of a lie.

Data can be encrypted at rest, and even in transit…but not “in use”.

Fundamentally, CPUs execute arithmetic instructions on decrypted plaintext; even with secure enclaves.

But what if we got *really* clever: Image
Mathematically, there is a solution. It’s just really, really slow.

Fully Homomorphic Encryption allows for arithmetic computation *on* encrypted data.

First published in 2009, each individual (x86) operation took 30 minutes!

AKA, about 10^12 times slower. Image
So why bother?

Ignoring the performance costs, FHE opens up wild possibilities.

Imagine being able to run ML models, Health Data processing, or financial transactions and not having to trust the cloud provider *at all*. Image
Image
Read 4 tweets

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