Odo of Aquitaine led a thunderous attack on the Muslims besieging Toulouse and dealt a vicious blow to the rampaging forces of Jihad!
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β’ Jihad β’
After the death of Muhammad, his followers invaded the Roman Empire and Persia.
Both empires suffered devastating defeats at the battles of Yarmouk and al-Qadisiyyah, respectively.
The Muslims captured the Levant from the Romans and Iraq from the Persians before effectively destroying the remnants of the Persian army at Nahavand in 642.
β’ Hispania β’
In AD 711 a Muslim force had invaded Hispania from North Africa and defeated the Gothic king Roderic at Guadalete.
From there they captured most of Hispania, pushing refugees and defeated warriors north and many took refuge in mountainous region of Asturias and supported the Hispano-Roman Pelagius of Asturias.
β’ Gaul β’
The Umayyad wΔli al-Khawlani built a new army to attack Aquitaine and in 719 his forces captured Narbonne.
His next target was Toulouse, the most important city of Aquitaine, which was nominally under the sovereignty of the kingdom of the Franks, but in practice was ruled autonomously by Odo.
Odo was not in Toulouse and when the Muslims attacked in early 721 he immediately sought to gather a large army to relieve the city.
He implored Charles Martel, the ruler of the Franks, to assist but Charles refused to help a rival ruler and was also engaged in warfare with the Saxons.
After months of siege attrition, Toulouse could not hold on for much longer, but all was not lost for Odo was coming.
He had gathered a large army of troops from Aquitaine and Gascony, and even some Franks.
Odoβs army assailed the Muslims from behind while the men of the city sallied forth! The Umayyad force was scattered and Odo cut them down as they fled!
In a letter to the Pope, Odo claimed he killed 375,000 enemy troops, an obvious exaggeration but one that clearly demonstrates how overjoyed he was with the extent of his victory.
11 years after the battle the Umayyads would return to avenge their loss against Odo, but this time he was to be aided by Charles Martel and the amassed power of the Franks, and an even greater victory followed.
β’ β’ β’
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In the decades after the Black Death there was an increased feeling that politician discussion and protagonism didnβt only belong to the elites in society, but to everyone.
The lack of a legitimate outlet for non-elite discussion and participation set the scene for a violent showdown.
On the 30th of May the attempt by John Brampton to collect the unpopular poll taxes in Brentwood saw him try to arrest a representative of the people of one village who then attacked his men and chased him off!
Richard the Lionheart was preparing to leave the Holy Land.
Then came a messenger with news that Saladin had attacked Jaffa and that only the citadel remained with the defenders hoping against hope for rescue.
Richardβs response?
βI will certainly go!β
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Richard had arrived in the Holy Land during the Third Crusade in 1191 after conquering Cyprus. Upon arriving he assisted with the capture of Acre before defeating Saladin at Arsuf.
But a year went by and, Richard, the only monarch left on the crusade, realised he would not be able to take Jerusalem nor hold it if he did take it.
News of the treachery of his brother Johnβs conspiring with the King of France meant that he had to return home.
As he was preparing to leave, a messenger came with the news that Saladin had attacked Jaffa, which had been Richardβs base of operations.
Upon hearing the news, Richard said βI will certainly go!β
John Tzimiskes snuck into Constantinople and seized power by decapitating the emperor.
In his six years as emperor, he crushed the Rus, conquered the Bulgars, and submitted the cities of the Muslim East with no one being able to stand in his way!
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IΕΓ‘nnΔsΒ ho TzimiskΔs was born in AD 925 in the east Roman Empire to the Kourkouas family.
Several of his relatives, including his uncle Nikephoros Phokas, were important commanders of the near constant border warfare with the Muslim emirates on the eastern border.
Tzimiskes was described as being short, but muscular and handsome.
β’ War β’
Tzimiskes became a prominent military commander in his youth.
In 958 he led an army to Mayyafariqin and Amida when he was set upon by the Arab general Naja whom he soundly defeated. Tzimiskes destroyed most of the army.
Then the eunuch Basil Lekapenos arrived with reinforcements and the two armies besieged Samosata before destroying a relief army sent by the Emir of Aleppo, Sayf Al-Dawla.
In 962 he joined his uncle Nikephoros Phokas in the invasion of Aleppo where they briefly seized the city. Tzimiskes defeated a force under the Muslim general Naja who fled to join the emir who marched on Aleppo, but was also defeated and chased to the Euphrates by Tzimiskes.
The King of England had been murdered and the realm was ruled by the tyrant Roger Mortimer and his lover, Queen Isabella!
The sidelined young Edward III and a band of loyal comrades launched a daring coup to rid the nation of the dreaded Mortimer!
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Edward II was an inept king who mismanaged his military campaigns and failed to distribute favours evenly throughout the nobility of the realm.
His father, the indomitable Edward I had intervened in the Scottish succession crisis and conquered much of the country before being bogged down by rebellions by William Wallace and Robert the Bruce.
Upon his death, the Scots won a stunning victory at Bannockburn against Edward II and his failure to match his fatherβs military abilities were apparent.
In addition to his military failure was his attitude to his favourites among the nobility. His intense friendship with Piers Gaveston led some to question his sexuality. Immediately upon becoming king, Edward made him Earl of Cornwall.
The military failures and Edwardβs extreme favouritism caused the barons to rise up and capture Gaveston, who was taken out to a nearly field and murdered.
Constantinople erupted into widespread riots which turned into open rebellion against the Emperor Justinian before being brutally crushed!
Thirty thousand people died in the Nika Riotsβ¦
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In the early years of his reign, Justinian implemented higher rates of taxation which caused anger among many in Constantinople.
Two of his officials, John the Cappadocian and Tribonian came under intense public hatred due to their implementation of the new rates and because Justinian sought to reduce the size of the civil service which meant that some among the city elites lost their position in government.
In 531 the Romans suffered a defeat at the hands of the Persians at Callinicum, reversing the gains from earlier victories by Belisarius at Dara and Sittas at Satala. After Callinicum Justinian recalled Belisarius
The failing war with Persia was weakening Justinianβs position.