Strategos of the Twittercon. Degrees in Prehistoric & Roman Archaeology, & Law. Enjoyer of Roman & Medieval history.
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~ Background ~
In the 48th Year of the Reign of Basil II, AD 1024:
Born in 1157 in Oxford, Richard was the son of the powerful king Henry II and his equally formidable queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Justinian became emperor after his uncle Justin died in 527. He was already known for his tireless work behind the scenes and this would not change as emperor. 
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Since the Norman conquest tensions had been rising between the kings of England and France due to the dual role of the English kings: equal as a fellow monarch & inferior as the Duke of his French possessions.
~ Background ~
The first Viking attacks on England were coastal raids. 
In the 1160s the emperor Manuel had become embroiled in the Hungarian succession crisis which had erupted into a full-scale war between the Romans and Hungarians. 
In AD 692 Justinian convened the Quinisext Council to clarify the rulings of the Fifth and Sixth Ecumenical Councils. 
Titus Manlius was the son of Lucius Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus of the gens Manlia, one of the oldest and most prestigious families in Rome, having first held the consulship in 480 BC.
In the wake of Alexanderโs conquests, his former empire had been partially Hellenised yet broken up by his successors.
In 219 BC a Carthaginian army led by Hannibal Barca sacked the pro-Roman Iberian city of Saguntum. 
Hannibal invaded Italy during the Second Punic War.
In the 7th century the Muslim caliphate burst out of Arabia conquering the Levant and North Africa before invading Hispania in the early 8th century. 
The Bulgars had caused trouble for the Romans ever since they migrated into the Balkans.
Barbarian tribes had threatened the Roman state even before the days of the empire, but from the late 3rd and 4th centuries AD, Saxon raiders began to attack Brittannia to the point where new fortifications were needed. 
In 222 BC,
After the victory at Ad Decimum, Belisarius was able to capture Carthage while Gelimer withdrew to Numidia to await reinforcement by his brother Tzazo from Sardinia, who arrived in early December. 
In the early 6th century the Vandal Kingdom of Africa was ruled by Hilderic who enjoyed excellent relations with the Roman Empire. 
In the late 6th century, the Roman Empire faced major threats from three directions; the Persians in the east, the Lombards in Italy, and threat of the Avar and Slavic peoples who had recently arrived in the Balkans. 