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Brain Inflammation Collaborative Profile picture
@BrainInflCollab
Jun 19 • 6 tweets • 3 min read • Read on X
Scrolly
Long COVID in adults is characterized by (protein) markers of:
- inflammation
- blood vessel clotting

However, similar studies in pediatric cohorts are almost non-existent... until now.

This study suggests that pediatric Long COVID is characterized by unique pathophysiology and isn't stress- or anxiety-induced...🧵ID: Image of a little girl laying in bed under the covers who looks like she feels ill. Her hand in placed on her forehead to check if she feels warm. To the left is an image of a brain MRI suggesting her illness is neurological in nature.
\ The Study:
Scientists from the University of Rome and Fondazione Policlinico Universitario discovered that 34 children and adolescents between the ages of 2 and 18 have an abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines in their blood.

A subset of the cytokines have angiogenic (blood vessel growth-promoting) properties.

Read more: buff.ly/7NN1lyZID: A screenshot of the first page of the pediatric long COVID paper published in Nature.
\ The Study Continued:
The signature of protein markers was distinct from children with the following:
- Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) (27 participants)
- Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (32 participants)
- Healthy controls (19 participants)

*MIS-C is a rare but serious condition where different body parts can become inflamed, typically following a COVID-19 infection.

Here are the proteins in the blood that were changed.
\ The Results:
The following were high in the pediatric Long COVID cohort:
OSM
CXCL1
CXCL5
CXCL6
CXCL8
CXCL11
TNFSF11
STAMBP1a

These cytokines are pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic (promote blood vessel growth).

They represent a unique proteomic profile (yellow dots below).ID: image taken from a figure panel showing the relative protein abundance of blood biomarkers, represented as dots scattered on along the x and y-axes of a graph, taken from healthy controls, pediatric long covid subjects, MIS-C subjects, and SARS-CoV-2 subjects. The four groups of dots are pictured in different colors clearly showing that the long covid dots are clustering together away from the healthy controls, MIS-C, and SARS-CoV-2 groups, suggesting a distinct proteomic profile that might be suitable for diagnostic purposes.
\ Significance:
This data suggests pediatric Long COVID is characterized by chronic inflammation and is NOT the result of a mental health condition caused by pandemic restrictions.

This proteomic profile identified pediatric Long COVID patients with an accuracy of 93%.

An AI-based blood test is being developed by the same group to diagnose pediatric Long COVID (👇 )ID: Screenshot of a article with the title: "New AI-Bases Blood Test Detects Long COVID in Children with 93% Accuracy". The AI-based blood test was developed from the work presented in the educational post.
Find out how we are remotely connecting geographically dispersed health professionals with pediatric cohorts.

This is designed to fast-track our understanding of pediatric neuroimmune axis conditions, such as pediatric Long COVID.

Check out our free newsletter (pinned post) to learn more.Image

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More from @BrainInflCollab

Brain Inflammation Collaborative Profile picture
Jun 12
It's estimated that 5.8 million young people have Long COVID. (1)

A recent study revealed that 65 of 92 (71%) children with Long COVID had a form of orthostatic intolerance, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) (2).

Here is one powerful way the connection between POTS and pediatric Long COVID is being investigated...🧵ID: Close up image of a young girl dressed in black standing in front of a black background staring hopelessly into the camera with sad eyes.
Being a kid today is hard enough.

They are forced to navigate:
- a highly polarized world
- technology overload
- cyberbullying
- etc.

If that weren't hard enough, the data suggests (1) a large subset of kids also have to manage their lifestyle-altering chronic health condition...Long COVID.

But wait, there is more.ID: A female teenager stands with arms folded staring helplessly at the ground with ear buds in her ears so she can ignore her two peers, standing on either side of her with their arms out and fingers waving in her face.
A new study from Kennedy Krieger Institute suggests that a majority of kids with Long COVID have a comorbidity... orthostatic intolerance (OI).

OI characterizes a set of symptoms that occur when standing but improve when lying down.

These symptoms can include:
- Rapid heart rate
- Body pain
- Dizziness
- Fatigue

Read more:
buff.ly/ALlPhkSID: a little girl is laying in a hospital bed with her arms folded and a thermometer in her armpit with a nurse tries feed her medicine.
Read 8 tweets
Brain Inflammation Collaborative Profile picture
Jun 10
After two SARS-CoV-2 infections, Heather Carr became largely bed-bound and nearly unable to string together a basic train of thought.

“I cry when I try to think, now,” she said. “My brain short-circuits.”

Census data suggests there are millions more just like her in the U.S...🧵ID: Image of 31 year old Heather Carr sitting outside with her hand propping up her head as she sits hunched over wearing an N95 mask with the look of physical exhaustion on her face.
The Census Bureau's monthly Current Population Survey asks Americans if they have serious problems with their memory or concentration.

Respondents are classified as disabled if they answer yes.

Although there is no disability insurance (financial) incentive, the number answering "yes" has increased by 1.5 million since the pandemic (red line).Image
This increased from 15 to 16.5 million people from before 2020 to 2023, a 9.6% increase.

Read the full story here:
buff.ly/nQho9sZ
Read 7 tweets
Brain Inflammation Collaborative Profile picture
Jun 8
April Burrell lived in a psychiatric hospital for 20 years.

Her catatonic state left her immobile and unresponsive.

But after 2 decades, she suddenly woke up.

Here is why..🧵 ID: Image of April Durrell as a healthy young women superimposed on a pink image of her attempting to draw a clock when she was sick compared to when she received treatment.
At the age of 21, April, a high school valedictorian and accounting major at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore, suddenly developed a severe form of schizophrenia.

Her psychosis caused visual and auditory hallucinations.

Unable to take care of herself, she was admitted to a psychiatric hospital.

Read more here:
washingtonpost.com/wellness/2023/…
Sander Markx, director of precision psychiatry at Columbia University, met April as a patient during his time as a medical student in 2000.

“She is, to this day, the sickest patient I’ve ever seen,” he recalls.

Little did he know he would cross paths with April 18 years later. ID: Image of Dr. Markx, director of precision psychiatry at Columbia University standing on the corner of a balcony with a city skyline in the background.
Read 8 tweets
Brain Inflammation Collaborative Profile picture
Jun 1
A new study on COVID-19’s cognitive impact shows:
- 3-point IQ drop for recovered mild cases
- 6-point IQ drop for Long COVID cases
- 9-point IQ drop for ICU patients

Reinfections may worsen the effect, adding a 2-point IQ hit...🧵 ID: Image of a hovering brain in the air as it spontaneously shatters into smaller pieces.
These cognitive deficits, linked to memory, reasoning, and executive function, persist for a year or more in some.

Although a 3-point drop is subtle, akin to mild fatigue, a 6-point loss could make complex tasks noticeably harder.

Read more here:
unmc.edu/healthsecurity…Image
Here is the good news.

These symptoms might not be permanent.

Adam Hampshire, the study’s lead author, explains that the IQ rebound for those with longer-term symptoms “gives us a little bit of hope that those who are struggling with long covid at the moment — when their symptoms eventually resolve — may experience some cognitive recovery.”
Read 5 tweets
Brain Inflammation Collaborative Profile picture
May 30
An Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection increases your susceptibility to developing multiple sclerosis (MS), among other chronic conditions such as:
- Celiac disease
- Long COVID
- Sjogren's
- ME/CFS
- Lupus
- POTS

A new study might have discovered why (at least for MS)...🧵 ID: Decorative image of virus on a blue green backdrop
A group of Italian researchers discovered that a single copy of the HLA-E*01:01 gene, in addition to a documented history of mono, increases your odds of developing MS by 74%.

The HLA-E*01:01 gene alone did not increase the risk of MS.

This was determined from analyzing 487,114 individuals from the UK BioBank cohort.

Here's what this suggests, in simple terms.

Read more here:
buff.ly/ZEqHmdJ
\ EBV Background:
It's estimated that 90% of the world's adult population is currently infected with the mononucleosis-causing virus (EBV).

Once infected, you're infected for life.

Here is the kicker.

You don't have to have had mono to be infected with EBV.
Read 14 tweets
Brain Inflammation Collaborative Profile picture
May 24
Neuroinflammation can lead to repetitive movements similar to those observed in:
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

New evidence suggests it might be (partly) fixable with FDA-approved drugs...🧵 ID: An image of an MRI brain scan with a finger pointing to a specific region near the left rear side of the brain.
South Korean researchers found that two FDA-approved drugs can reverse these repetitive movements:
- Memantine - licensed for Alzherimers
- Interleukin-1RA (Anakinra) - licensed for rheumatoid arthritis

Here are the details... simplified.

.neurosciencenews.com/inflammation-a…
Researchers stimulated neuroinflammation in mice by activating the inflammasome in white blood cells called macrophages.

Thus, the macrophages in the brain (i.e., the microglia) had a hyperactive inflammasome, causing neuroinflammation.

⬆️ inflammasome = ⬆️ inflammation.

While there are different inflammasome types, the NLRP3 inflammasome is highly relevant to humans...
Read 10 tweets

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