“Patience and Subnational Differences in Human Capital:
Regional Analysis with Facebook Interests”
w/ @EricHanushek, @KinneLavinia & P. Sancassani
Decisions to invest in human capital depend on time preferences
➡️New perspectives on longstanding within-country disparities
2/9
Regional differences in student achievement are large & longstanding:
Difference in math achievement between top- & bottom-performing 🇺🇸 states ≈ ⅔ of cross-country differences
Equivalent to > 2 years of learning
Similar for 🇮🇹 regions
3/9
We combine the massive data available from social media –Facebook interests– with machine-learning algorithms to construct novel regional measures of patience within 🇮🇹 Italy & 🇺🇸 U.S.
Geographic patterns of patience coincide with longstanding North-South disparities 4/9
We validate the approach with a cross-country analysis of patience and Facebook interests 5/9
▶️Main result:
Patience is strongly positively associated with student achievement across regions in both countries
Accounts for ¾ of achievement variation across 🇮🇹 regions and ⅓ across 🇺🇸 states
Lower 🇺🇸 estimate possibly related to internal mobility 6/9
Finding is confirmed in identification strategy that employs variation in ancestry countries of current population of 🇺🇸 states 7/9
Results are consistent for 6 additional countries with more limited regional achievement data
🇧🇷🇨🇦🇩🇪🇰🇿🇲🇽🇪🇸 8/9
Ungleiche Bildungschancen:
Ein Blick in die Bundesländer
Starke Ungleichheit der Bildungschancen von Kindern mit verschiedenen familiären Hintergründen in ALLEN🇩🇪Bundesländern, aber auch deutliche Unterschiede.
Wir vergleichen die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Gymnasialbesuchs für
Kinder mit niedrigerem Hintergrund (weder Elternteil mit Abitur🧑🎓noch oberes Viertel der HH-Einkommen💰) mit der für
Kinder mit höherem Hintergrund (mind. ein Elternteil Abitur u/o oberes Einkommensviertel) 2/8
Wir betrachten den Unterschied im Gymnasialbesuch zwischen Kindern mit niedrigerem und höherem Hintergrund:
1⃣relativ = Chancenverhältnis
2⃣absolut = Chancendifferenz
3/8
We use the elements of a macroeconomic production function—physical capital, human capital, labor, and technology—to frame the role of religion in economic growth.
Our framework conceptualizes religion as a “deeper” determinant of growth inputs that shapes indiv prefs, societal norms + institutions.
Synthesizing a disjoint lit this way highlights aggregate effect of religion on growth + opens interesting directions for future research. 2/9
1⃣Religion affects physical capital accumulation by influencing thrift + financial development.
➡️Thrift, saving + capital accumulation: Protestant Ethic I
➡️Fin. dev.
a) Interest restrictions in Christianity+Islam
b) Islamic finance, comm. enterprises + capital accumulation 3/9
Ensuring that all of the world’s youth have at least basic skills is a prime development goal by itself,
but reaching such a goal also has immense importance for inclusive & sustainable world development.
See @UN‘s @SDGoals #4: ensure quality education for all 2/10
This paper addresses 2 intertwined questions:
1⃣How far is the world away from ensuring that every child obtains the basic skills needed to be internationally competitive?
2⃣What would accomplishing this mean for world development?
[ungated version: sites.google.com/view/woessmann…] 3/10
Rising US inequality raises concerns about potentially widening gaps in educational achievement between children raised within families of high + low socio-economic status (SES). 2/5
We use all tests that are psychometrically linked over time: LTT-NAEP, Main-NAEP, TIMSS + PISA.
Using individual data for over 1.5 million students, we construct an index of SES based on parental education + home possessions for 93 separate test-subject-age-year observations. 3/5
Paper shows that electorate’s preferences for using tuition to finance higher education🧑🎓strongly depend on design of payment scheme.
Deferred income-contingent scheme (🇦🇺🏴🇳🇿): payments are due only after graduation and must be paid only if income exceeds certain threshold.
2/7
Income-contingent financing has attractive efficiency & equity properties. @dynarski
Optimal dynamic tax theory: income contingency provides incentives for human capital accumulation while insuring against income risk. @S_Stantcheva@SebastianFind@Dominik__Sachs
3/7
“Does Ignorance of Economic Returns and Costs Explain the Educational Aspiration Gap?
Representative Evidence from Adults and Adolescents”
w/ P. @lergetporer & K. Werner