The first big improvement is that the output is more precise, and interactive. For each data point we tell you the date, the reads mapped, the total reads in each sample, and the reads/billion for each pathogen.
The heat map color is dictated by reads/billion.
2/
As before, we have a dropdown menu (now divided into categories) where you can do a city-to-city comparison of the different pathogens.
We hope to show more locations soon. 3/
If you are not a visual person, we also now have written and audio alternatives for learning the ‘weather report’. 4/
The written discussion link leads to a weather forecast-styled readout on the various pathogens. 5/
And the audio report…you just have to listen to it. It will immediately be obvious what the report is styled on.
6/
My favorite addition is that we now have a dashboard for select animal viruses detected from wastewater. Some of these make sense, other do not (at least not yet). 7/
You will notice that many of the most prevalent animal viruses in Columbia are pig viruses. 8/
This is one of many virus types that are not equal across sewersheds. Columbia is the only city among these 5 that has a significant swine input. This is at least in part, if not entirely, from university research facilities that have pigs. 9/
If you go to Chicago it’s different; you see a lot more viruses coming from birds and rodents. This is because Chicago has combined sewers.
Storm water mixes with wastewater so you get a sampling of the urban wildlife. 10/
The animal viruses in Chicago are fairly similar to those in Boston, which also has combined sewers. 11/
However, we see more fish viruses from Boston.
We see a lot more fish contribution in Boston wastewater in general. In particular, it’s the only location of these 5 where we see a lot of cod and flounder species (lots of fish processing in Boston). 12/
There are also viruses that make no sense at all.
This calici-like virus surged in Columbia last Fall, but nowhere else. It most likely infects an insect or an arachnid. No idea where it is coming from but very curious to see if it returns this Fall. 13/
Another mystery mentioned before is an Ampivirus.
It’s only known to infect amphibians.
Its appearance is both seasonal (Spring) and sewershed-specific. Columbia is not a combined sewersystem, so it probably isn’t from the wild.
We don’t know where it’s coming from. 14/
Remember that we are currently only scratching the surface of the thousands of types of viruses we detect every week. We intend to add many more in the future.
15/
This project involved many collaborators and community partners. @Securebio in particular.
Thanks to our sponsors Inkfish and OpenPhilanthropy. 16/
Finally, be sure to click the icon at the bottom.
I’m not going to tell you what it is, but here’s a hint: It’s what people that grew up in the 80s think of when they see a heat map.
17/17
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This is cool. I was poking around at the Rhinovirus (common cold) data and realized that my perception about these viruses was completely wrong. 1/
Rhinoviruses (Rhino is Greek for nose) are picornaviruses in the enterovirus genus (same as polio). Enteros can be GI or respiratory (or both), but Rhinos are usually respiratory, and are the main cause of the common cold.
There haven’t been a ton of changes to the manuscript since I wrote a post on the preprint, so I’ll make this summary brief and focus on the things that changed. 2/
Cryptic lineages are anachronistic, evolutionarily advanced SARS-CoV-2 lineages detected from wastewater. We are pretty certain they are all from persistent infections.
We developed techniques for finding these lineages and partially reconstruction their genomes. 3/
For the last 18 months we have been getting weekly composite wastewater samples, isolating the viral fractions (the virome) and randomly sequencing everything.
The project started with Columbia, MO in late 2023, but we’ve expanded to include Chicago, Boston, Boise, and Riverside. We are doing other sites too (and expanding), but these are the first we are reporting. 3/
We are recruiting sewersheds for an expanding project. Basically, we want to learn everything that can be learned from wastewater.
Read on if you are interested. 1/
This is a collaboration with SecureBio that started about 18 months.
Basically, we isolate the viral fraction from wastewater and sequence the crap out of it (~1 billion reads/sample). This is unbiased sequencing; we don’t want to miss anything. 2/ securebio.org
There are three main levels to the analysis of the wastewater virome.
The first is SecureBio’s main focus, which is novel pathogen detection with a particular focus on engineered pathogens. 3/ naobservatory.org/blog/detecting…
This battle between Harvard and the administration is so befuddling. The latest plot twist makes less sense than the last season of Lost.
Let me give a very quick summary for those not following along.
1/11
The last few weeks Harvard had been talking with the administration about concerns over antisemitism on campuses, but the talks lacked details, and Harvard was told that they would get a letter last Friday with more specifics.
2/
Then last Friday Harvard got an email from the acting general counsel of HHS with a scorched earth list of demands that would have effectively ended Harvard’s autonomy in hiring, admissions and curriculum.
Last month there was an announcement that I thought was a major advancement in world health, but it got little attention.
I thought I would tell you all a little bit about it and why it is so important.
1/25
This breakthrough has to do with HIV, which was a zoonotic pathogen. The progenitor of HIV infects chimpanzees in Cameroon.
No one knows exactly when or how HIV crossed into humans, but the first undisputed HIV patient sample (discovered retrospectively) was from 1959 in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo.
HIV smoldered for decades before becoming widespread in the early 80s.
At the time, being diagnosed with an HIV infection was a death sentence.
There was no real cure (still isn’t) and no treatment. By any measure, HIV was one of the worst diseases of the last century. 3/ nature.com/articles/d4158…