Marc Johnson Profile picture
Jul 9, 2025 10 tweets 4 min read Read on X
I've always found this frustrating.

You or your child has a respiratory infection. It's not flu or COVID. Your doctor can only tell you, 'you have a virus'.

Could it be a little bit more specific?

We hope to help answer this question, non-invasively, and for free.
1/ Image
Contrary to my prior assumptions, many of the most common pathogens are not everywhere, all the time. They occur in discrete waves, often nationwide.

I wrote about this recently with Rhinoviruses, the most frequent cause of the common cold.

2/
As promised, we've now added a standalone readout of the rhinoviruses on our wastewater dashboard.

3/
lungfish-science.github.io/wastewater-das…Image
We debated how to best display this. There are over 100 rhinovirus serotypes, and we wanted to display their prevalence over space and time. Too many dimensions.

This was our first stab at it.

4/ Image
First, we only listed the serotypes that have appeared in at least 4 consecutive samples.

They are ordered based on when they first appeared in 4 consecutive samples.

Time goes left to right, starting in 2024. Larger circles mean more of that serotype detected.
5/ Image
In the legend you can toggle the different sewersheds we are reporting (hopefully adding more soon).

6/ Image
The rhinoviruses have been most prevalent in late Spring, and most of the prevalent serotypes in Columbia last year are not prevalent this year.
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And if you look at the other locations, most of the serotypes prevalent in Columbia this year were prevalent everywhere.
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This is fascinating. Although the rhinoviruses were usually surging in Spring, there was an outbreak of C42 in Fall of last year and it occurred in every one of the sewersheds coast-to-coast.

Who knew?
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That's it for now. We continue to recruit more sewersheds in partnership with @SecureBio.

More updates to come.

10/10

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More from @SolidEvidence

Mar 23
A new cryptic lineage popped up in St Louis a few weeks ago.

I’ve been sampling this sewershed (500k people) twice a week for years and the first time I see this cryptic lineage it is 5 years old and makes up 50% of the sample.
1/ Image
I believe the cryptic is a B.1.1 (circulated until early 2021), but it’s possibly even a B.1.
Clearly pre-Omicron though.
2/ Image
The genome is ridiculously predictable.
At least part of the sequences had s2m intact with the 29758G fix.

3/ Image
Read 9 tweets
Jan 24
We found a new (I think) cryptic lineage this week.
I know I say this all the time, but this is really weird.
Warning, this thread is for nerds only.
1/
Here’s what we do. Every week we download all of the new sequences from SRA and run a bunch of screens to look for anachronistic or cryptic lineages.

This new one popped up in 3 different screens.
2/
A good way to spot anachronistic lineages is to look for sequences that have been deleted in contemporary lineages. The virus can only undo a deletion through recombination. If we find seqs that lack the deletions, they have to be old (or contaminated with something old).
3/
Read 16 tweets
Nov 23, 2025
What should we expect this flu season?

Here’s a forecast from a wastewater perspective (because sh*t don’t lie)

1/
Background. The 4 main kinds of influenza circulating among humans (in order of severity) are:
FluA H3N2
FluA H1N1
FluB
FluC (many don’t know this one)

2/
Last season, there was a pretty even split between H1N1 and H3N2, with a little bit of FluB late in the season. At least according to CDC patient data.
3/ Image
Read 13 tweets
Nov 21, 2025
This is wild.

Remember the NJ crytic lineage?

I posted 18 months ago that the Spike was too divergent to predict ACE2 binding, and asked if someone else could figure it out.

Some colleagues took me up on it.

Guess what they found?
1/
This preprint just came out. @wchnicholas and team reconstructed and tested the NJ Spike and found that it has the tightest ACE2 binding of any SC2 Spike ever measured.
2/
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
We first found the NJ variant in 2023 because this sewershed from NJ with 1.5 million people because it regularly had a sequence that was a reversion to the bat sarbeco sequence, which is common in cryptics.
3/

Read 9 tweets
Oct 31, 2025
Can you take a quarter cup of composite sewage, simply ask ‘what’s in there?’, and find out all of the pathogens circulating in that community?

That is the question we asked in our latest pre-print.

Turns out you can.
1/
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
We are not the first group to do unbiased sequencing of wastewater to monitor circulating viruses, but I think we are the first to ever do it at this scale.

Weekly wastewater samples for 18 months, totaling over 85 Billion sequence reads.

2/ Image
Among the ‘known’ viruses, there was a fairly even split between bacteria viruses (phages) and eukaryotic viruses.
This was just raw reads though, if you look at diversity there was considerably more species of phages.
3/ Image
Read 23 tweets
Oct 24, 2025
Help me out, I’ve got another wastewater virus mystery.

This one really blows my mind.
1/
Starting in the late 2023, + @securebio have been doing ultra-deep metagenomic sequencing of the virome from Columbia, MO wastewater.

We’ve collected and sequenced sample for over 90 consecutive weeks.
2/Lung.fish
We sequence about a billion reads per sample. That’s generated about 16TB of data from this site so far.

To put this in perspective for people my age, it would take a stack of 3.5 in floppy disks 200 miles high to store this data.
3/
Read 12 tweets

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