In the early hours of 16 July 1942, eleven French and British SOE agents, held in a French prison camp at Mauzac in the Dordogne, make a successful break for freedom. 1/8
A wave of arrests in October 1941 in the non-occupied zone saw many SOE agents fall into the hands of the Vichy police. Among them was Georges Bégué, the first SOE F Section agent to be parachuted into France in May 1941. 2/8
After spells in prisons in Marseille, Limoges and Périgueux, the SOE agents were transferred to Mauzac in March 42. Gaby Pierre-Bloch, whose husband Jean was at Mauzac, and Virginia Hall, an American working for the SOE, tried to hatch plans for an escape, but had thus far failed. 3/8
The escape plan was eventually put together by Lazare Rachline.
Gaby Bloch, using funds provided by Virginia Hall, made regular visits to the camp to see her husband. Staying at the local hotel, she recruited help in the form of camp guard Jose Sevilla who in turn recruited others. 4/8
Georges Bégué had made a key to the hut and at 3 am on 16 July, the eleven agents slipped out of the camp and through the wire, meeting up with Rachline and two other helpers at a pre-arranged pick up point. They then drove off in a Citroën van along with the guard, Sevilla. 5/8
After a few weeks in a forest safe house, the 11 SOE agents were exfiltrated. A first group went to Spain via Lyon - these being Georges Bégué, Jack Hayes, Clément Jumeau (photo), Jean Le Harivel, Jean Pierre-Bloch and Raymond Roche. 6/8
The second group consisted of Jean Bouguennec, George Langelaan, Philippe Liewer (photo 1 - later Violette Szabo's team leader, Robert Lyon, Michael Trotobas (photo 2) and Sevilla. 7/8
The following would return to France - Jean Bouguennec (BUTLER circuit), Jack Hayes (HELMSMAN), Clément Jumeau (REPORTER), Philippe Liewer (SALESMAN), Robert Lyon (ACOLYTE circuit) and Michael Trotobas ( FARMER).
Bouguennec, Jumeau and Trotobas would die on active service. 8/8
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29 June 1940 - Hermann in Paris and the Rose thorn in his side...
It has now been two weeks since the Germans marched into Paris and people are slowly becoming accustomed to the sight of German troops enjoying a drink at the terrace cafés.
One of Paris' most famous restaurants, sees Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and his entourage arrive.
1/7
Göring is in Paris to see what art he can loot, as he has already done in Amsterdam.
The French museums had already began evacuating some their most precious works, and in one, a French woman would become a particular thorn in the side of the Nazi plunderers. 2/7
When the Nazi jackboots sounded on the Champs Elysées, 41-year old Rose Valland was working as a volunteer at the Musée Jeu de Paume, Place de la Concorde where she had organised exhibitions on foreign contemporary art. 3/7
21 June 1940
Adolf Hitler flies in to Compiègne in northern France and is taken by car to a clearing in a nearby forest where, just 21 years and 7 months before, an armistice was signed to cease hostilities in a war that had seen so much death and destruction.
The clearing at Rethondes has been carefully prepared. SS troops line the road leading to the area where the railway carriage has been pulled out of its memorial building. A Nazi flag covers the Alsace-Lorraine memorial with its inscription
"TO THE HEROIC SOLDIERS OF FRANCE. DEFENDERS OF THE COUNTRY AND OF RIGHT. GLORIOUS LIBERATORS OF ALSACE-LORRAINE."
That of Maréchal Foch, is left uncovered, as if to witness the terrible defeat of France.
1/6
Present at the clearing is American journalist and writer William L. Shirer. He types down what he sees. He is seen here (left) under a tree with the building that housed the carriage in the background.
"The time is now, I see by my notes, 3:18 PM in the forest of Compiègne. Hitler's personal standard is run up on a small post in the center of the circular opening in the woods. Also in the center is a great granite block which stands some three feet above the ground. Hitler, followed by the others, walks slowly over to it, steps up, and reads the inscription engraved in great high letters on that block. Many of you will remember the words of that inscription. The Führer slowly reads them, and the inscription says: "HERE ON THE ELEVENTH OF NOVEMBER 1918 SUCCUMBED THE CRIMINAL PRIDE OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE. VANQUISHED BY THE FREE PEOPLES WHICH IT TRIED TO ENSLAVE."
2/6
Shirer continues, "It is now 3:23 PM and the German leaders stride over to the armistice car. This car, of course, was not standing on this spot yesterday. It was standing seventy-five yards down the rusty tracks on the shoulder of a tiny museum built to house it by an American citizen, Mr. Arthur Henry Fleming of Pasadena, California.
Yesterday the car was removed from the museum by German Army engineers and rolled back those seventy-five yards to this spot where it stood on the morning of November 11, 1918."
3/6
German forces are now advancing towards the city of Lyon which has been declared an open city.
Général Olry, commanding the French Alpine army, sees the Lyon front as an essential lynchpin in the defence of the front line in the Alps that has been under attack from the Italians since 10 June.
Olry therefore orders units to the north and south of Lyon to fight to the end.
One such unit to do so in the village of Chasselay is the 25e Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais, made up of colonia7l troops with a white officer cadre.
1/
The Tirailleurs put up a staunch fight, holding up the Germans for a day. On the 20th, the fight is over and the French officers tell their men to lay down their arms. The Germans are furious as Lyon had been declared an open city and they were not expecting resistance. 2/7
The Senegalese troops are separated and marched across fields and assembled in a meadow and then the massacre begins as they are gunned down by machine guns from tanks. A French captain tries to intervene and is shot in the leg. 3/7
Like every day at 9.15 pm French time, the opening notes of Beethoven's 5th, forming the Morse for V for Victory, sound across the airwaves of BBC's Radio Londres.
The speaker of the 'Ici Londres, , Franck Bauer, then reads out personal messages that are known to individual Resistance groups...
1/8
BBC Radio Londres had begun using the message system back in September 1941 when SOE radio operator Georges Bégué sent back the first message of this type.
The idea was simple, at the start of the programme each evening, which brought general news from the Allied side of the war to people in occupied France, messages only known to specific groups or networks were read out in what were presented as personal messages.
2/8
As preparations began for D-Day, hundreds of written messages had been sent out from London to all officially recognized groups several weeks before. Then, on 1 June, SOE and BCRA run networks received via Radio Londres, 146 and 15 alert messages respectively.
Whilst these messages did not alert them specifically to an impending invasion (although most must have guessed it), the alert messages meant that imminent action in terms of specific tasks, such as sabotage, would be called upon in the next seven days.
3/8
After suffering heavy losses crossing the Aire canal in the Béthune sector. SS Totenkopf troops face a rearguard action by men of the 2nd Royal Norfolk Regiment, 1st Royal Scots and the 8th Lancashire Fusiliers, along a defensive line in the hamlets of Riez du Vinage, Le Cornet Malo and Le Paradis.
Men of the Royal Norfolks hold out in a farmhouse and fight until out of ammunition before surrendering to SS troops of the Totenkopf division.... they are gathered and led down the road.....
1/7
99 prisoners of war are lined up against a barn wall a little further down the road. In the meadow facing them are machine guns.
An order is barked out by the unit's commander, Fritz Knöchlein and the guns open up.
Only two men will survive, Privates William O'Callaghan and Albert Pooley, who play dead under the bodies of their comrades.
2/7
Bill O'Callaghan
"As I was turning into the gateway, I noticed a machine gun in front of us which appeared to be mounted in front of what I thought looked like a farm lavatory. After having passed through the gateway the gun was then on my right. The whole column continued to march forward along the side of the house, with their hands still behind their heads, when suddenly firing started. The men started falling from the front of the column. When I saw the men falling I threw myself forward and fell into a slight depression in the ground, and in falling stretched my arms out before me, and sustained a slight flesh wound in the left arm.
3/7
In the weeks following the German capitulation, French POWs, forced labourers and deportees started to be repatriated.
Some, like Paul Pradier, tried to slip back into France pretending to be someone else because they had a dark past to hide.... 1/6
Pradier decided not only to become a collaborator, but aged 19 became a policeman for the SS Sipo-SD in the Dordogne, infilitrating maquis resistance groups and then denouncing them, as well as finding Jewish people that were hiding out in the countryside. 2/6
The Dordogne suffered greatly in the winter and spring of 1944 as a German security division (Brehmer Division) swept through the department, killing and pillaging.
The Germans used Georgian volunteers and a unit made of North African petty criminals and, of course collaborators such as Pradier.
3/6