Dr Sanil Rege FRANZCP | MRCPsych Profile picture
Aug 12 5 tweets 2 min read Read on X
🧵Vortioxetine in SSRI-Resistant OCD – Early Clinical Signals 🚨1/4

Study :

-64 adults with DSM-5 OCD
-SSRI non-responders
-Vortioxetine monotherapy ≥20 mg/day
-≥8 weeks treatment

👉Primary outcome: Y-BOCS

👉Secondary: HAM-D, HAM-A, adverse events

Results 👇1/4 Image
1/ Results:

- 39.1% met responder criteria (≥25% ↓ Y-BOCS)

-Y-BOCS ⬇️from 27.1 → 20.7

-HAM-D and HAM-A improved significantly

-Most common SEs: nausea (29.7%), sedation (18.8%)

-No serious adverse events
2/ One key mechanism may be 5-HT3 antagonism

We know ondansetron, a selective 5-HT3 antagonist, has shown benefits in OCD.

Vortioxetine also has 5HT3 antagonism, and it’s possible the clinical effects in this study emerged at higher doses, which is also where the response was most evident.

*nausea as a side effect has been postulated to be due to Vortioxetine being a partial 5HT3 agonist rather than antagonist.Image
3/ Clinical insights -

👉lower doses (5–10 mg) can help mild/moderate presentations of depression ( with ACE dysfunction)

👉For melancholic mod-severe higher doses 15-20 mg are often needed

👉Also trialled in Long COVID.

And here is something really interesting 👉 “Vortioxetine, exhibits anticancer abilities and can traverse the blood-brain barrier... vortioxetine inhibits the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which is known to play a critical role in promoting the progression of GBM. Furthermore, vortioxetine induces cytoprotective autophagy,
4/ Learn more about Vortioxetine here
👉 psychscenehub.com/psychinsights/…

Paper 👉 frontiersin.org/journals/psych…

🧵 END

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More from @sanilrege

Aug 13
🧵The Brain as a Predictive Organ: Why You Think You Know More Than You (may) Do 🚨1/10

You think you know it.

Wrong.

Your brain predicts that you know, SO you can feel like you know it.

Read it again

This is not a trick.

It’s the fundamental operating system of the brain-boxy connection

Diagram from article : Sammons M et al, Brain-body physiology: Local, reflex, and central communication. Cell. 2024 👇1/11Image
1/ The brain is an organ of prediction.

It doesn’t just react to reality - it rehearses it.

Prediction gives the body a head start.

A sense of certainty = reduced arousal = sense of the world

It’s why you salivate before food touches your lips.
2/ We’ve known for decades that the brain predicts movement.

But here’s what’s often missed - it predicts physiology.

👉Neural anticipation of infection can trigger immune responses in advance.

👉Perceived time can alter blood glucose regulation.

👉Wound healing rates change with perceived time, not actual time.Image
Read 11 tweets
Aug 8
🧵When Patients Feel Harmed by Treatment - Is There More to the Story? 🚨 1/21

This will get backlash.

It’s not about denying harm.

It’s about understanding how harm is experienced, amplified, encoded, and communicated and

how that understanding can help people move forward in a world that’s flawed and uncertain.

1/21👇Image
1/You’ve heard stories like:

“I was harmed by antidepressants.”
“These medications ruined my life.”
“I’m a shell of who I used to be.”

These experiences are real and often tragic.

But to truly understand them, we need to look beyond pharmacology - into personality, pain, and developmental templates.
2/Are patients harmed by medications?

Yes.

Medical harm is real.

Mistakes happen.

But this post is about something deeper when psychiatric meds, often SSRIs or antipsychotics, become the SOLE explanation for every difficulty in a person’s life, with mismatched or oversimplified causal links. ( the key word being sole)
Read 22 tweets
Aug 5
🧵 Protracted SSRI Withdrawal and the Problem of Causality 🚨1/11

Much of the debate around “protracted SSRI withdrawal” stems from a misunderstanding of causality.

Let’s explore it using Rothman’s model: causality consists of

1️⃣Necessary causes
2️⃣Sufficient causes
3️⃣Component causes

Let’s apply it directly to this debate 👇1/11Image
1/ Necessary Cause = A cause that must be present for the outcome to occur.

In protracted SSRI withdrawal, the SSRI itself is a necessary cause.

You cannot have SSRI withdrawal without prior SSRI use.

But necessary ≠ sufficient.
2/ Sufficient Cause = A combination of factors that inevitably leads to the outcome.

SSRI use alone is not sufficient.

Why? Millions take and stop SSRIs without prolonged withdrawal.

So the drug may start the process, but other factors must join the causal pathway to complete the picture.Image
Read 12 tweets
Aug 3
🧵SSRI Withdrawal Is Real But So Are Other Possibilities 🚨1/11

This slide shows the withdrawal (discontinuation) symptoms from SSRIs-based on the Horowitz & Taylor paper (2019).

It’s a helpful summary. Right?

But now imagine this:

Someone stops their SSRI... and these symptoms continue for months or even years.

Protracted withdrawal? Easy ? Not quite 👇Image
1/ Protracted withdrawal.

It sounds clear, right?

But what actually makes it “protracted withdrawal”?

Let’s think clinically.
2/ One specific feature is temporality- the symptoms began after stopping the SSRI and haven’t resolved.

But the symptoms themselves - headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, insomnia, anxiety…are not specific.

They overlap with dozens of other conditions.
Read 12 tweets
Aug 2
🧵Clozapine + Cariprazine for TRS with persistent Negative Symptoms 🚨1/7

Study :
A systematic review (21 studies, 52 cases) evaluated cariprazine augmentation in clozapine partial responders.

👉Cariprazine replaced another AP in 44% or was added to clozapine in 35%

👉90% had positive symptoms;
81% had negative symptoms pre-treatment

What were the results ? 👇1/7Image
1/ Improvement in 66% (positive) and 83% (negative) symptom domains

-PANSS total ↓ 43.4%; negative symptoms ↓ 59.1%

-Well tolerated overall; most common AE: akathisia (6%)

-Clozapine side effects reduced in some
2/ Let’s understand why cariprazine helps - and what clinicians need to know.

It’s a dopamine D3-preferring partial agonist with high affinity for:

-D3
-D2S (presynaptic)
-D2L (postsynaptic)
-5-HT1A and 5-HT2B

Its clinical effects are dose-dependent and closely tied to its receptor engagement and brain region specificity.Image
Read 8 tweets
Jul 28
🧵 Humans are BAD at Probabilistic thinking - Risk Analysis of SSRIs in Pregnancy 🚨1/12

The recent FDA panel on SSRIs highlighted that clinicians often struggle with probabilistic thinking.

For most of human history, binary thinking kept us alive: safe or dangerous?

But in today’s world, risk isn’t black or white -it’s probabilistic.

When we talk about SSRIs in pregnancy, we must move beyond “all good” or “all bad” and start thinking in numbers, not instincts.

And that’s a clinical issue : because when we can’t think in risks and trade-offs, patients suffer.

Let me explain. 👇

Image from (Labelling people as ‘High Risk’: A tyranny of eminence?, Järvinen)Image
1/ Charlie Munger said it rather crudely 👇

“If you don’t get this elementary, but mildly unnatural, mathematics of elementary probability into your repertoire, then you go through a long life like a onelegged man in an asskicking contest."

HG Wells predicted that in modern society, statistical thinking would become as necessary as reading and writing.

But the FDA panel discussion showed us we’re not quite there.Image
2/ So lets start with with a basic question:

👉 What is the baseline risk of major congenital malformations ?

The answer: about 3%. ( you'll see range of 2-4% in literature)

That means 30 out of every 1,000 pregnancies, REGARDLESS of medication, will result in a baby with a major congenital malformation.
Read 13 tweets

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