Robustness Write-Up: Private Credit, Wages, and GDP (Post-2016, VAR(1))..... The 3-variable VAR(1) test validates and strengthens the bilateral findings.
Credit is the leading force, with GDP and wages as dependent variables. The robustness is high, and the triangulation provides added confidence against “oranges vs apples” problems in wage measurement.
Results
This triangulation reduces the risk that results are spurious or bi-directional “noise,” since the same direction (credit → output → wages) is confirmed through three variables.
Credit growth finances activity (GDP), which then flows into wage dynamics
The near-perfect Credit–GDP link greatly raises the robustness of the Credit–Wage chain. We can now argue with high confidence (≈90–95%) that wages are downstream of credit via GDP, making the causation case substantially stronger than if wages were analyzed in isolation.
With the global evidence that Credit → GDP is virtually deterministic (R² ~0.99), the probability that the wage results are spurious drops further — pushing the confidence level closer to 90–95%
But the fact that credit explains nearly all of GDP means that any persistent wage growth must ultimately come from credit expansion.
Optional: fold in the direct Credit → Wages evidence
The triangulation Credit → GDP → Wages achieves very high robustness (≈99.9%), making it one of the strongest statistical blows against NK wage-Phillips mechanisms.
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“NK models require fungible capital to avoid balance sheets — "
Non-fungible capital isn’t a hypothesis that needs testing — it’s the real-world condition.
Fungible capital is the modelling assumption, and once you drop it, balance sheets become unavoidable...
.. and the NK equilibrium story disappears.
Once capital is non-fungible, such exclusion is no longer valid, and New Keynesian models lose closure without explicit balance-sheet dynamics.
When demand shifts or prices change, firms can’t just move their capital to a better use. They’re left with assets that may no longer earn enough revenue — but the debts used to build those assets don’t disappear.
From Credit Creation to Claim Enforcement: Debt Service, Labour Share, and Balance-Sheet Constraints
"Macroeconomic models that omit leverage and debt service as state variables are therefore empirically incomplete for the purposes of analysing modern inflation and distribution dynamics in high-debt economies."
Services Inflation Dynamics, Housing Pass-Through, and the Misinterpretation of Wage Inflation
"In sum, services inflation in the United States is best understood as a housing-anchored, lag-driven process in which wages play an adaptive rather than causal role."