The first study investigating this topic was in 2003.
They took vegetarians in their mid 20s and gave them 5g of (or placebo) for 6 weeks, then no creatine for 6 weeks, and then switched groups for another 6 weeks.
The break was done to see if any benefit went away without creatine.
(2/7)
Subjects took two cognitive assessments.
Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) = nonverbal test of abstract reasoning & pattern spotting.
Wechsler Backward Digit Span (BDS) = working memory test (recall numbers in reverse).
Both tap core cognitive abilities that strongly predict IQ scores.
(3/7)
During the creatine portions (weeks 0-6 & 12-18) - both intelligence metrics markedly improved.
Scores began to decline once creatine was stopped, but remained higher than starting levels for weeks after.
(4/7)
A more recent study showed similar effects.
Creatine (or placebo) was taken at 5g a day for 6 weeks.
They did the same 2 cognitive tests.
(5/7)
Once again, both intelligence metrics improved with creatine.
When trying to compare the results directly to IQ tests, the researchers stated:
"If these were IQ tests, the increase in raw scores would
mean 1 and 2.5 IQ points."
(6/7)
Creatine is incredibly important for the brain.
Like the muscles, creatine is stored in large amounts in the brain, and supports energy metabolism by acting as a way to replenish ATP.
This is vital for all functions of the brain, but in particular is needed for maintaining the charge of the neurons.
Without constant maintenance of this gradient, neurotransmitter signals and brain activity is not possible.
The brain is electric in nature. Creatine supports this.
(7/7)
I've written more about the importance of creatine to the brain here, along with additional context:
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was shown to reverse brain damage from aluminum in a critical study.
(🧵1/8)
Animals were put into 6 groups - either getting aluminum or NAC or both.
The aluminum was administered as aluminum chloride, and it was done so orally.
This is important because roughly only 0.5% of oral aluminum chloride is absorbed, so the real effective doses the animals received were far less than than the 100 mg / kg.
This is still a high dose, but aluminum is known to accumulate in tissues.
Animals had severely impaired memory performance with the aluminum, but this was improved with NAC.
The morris water test trains rats to find a hidden platform in pool.
The latencies (times) is how long it takes to find it on a given day.
Less time = better memory.
As you can see, the high dose NAC almost completely reversed the memory impairment from aluminum.