Prominent statesmen of the Mamluk state from the Levant and Egypt
- The Vizier Ibn al-Saluus al-Tanukhi: Levantine Arab from Palestine
- Mahmoud bin Salman al-Hanbali al-Halabi: Levantine Arab, a poet and Muslim scholar who served as a scribe in the chancery of the Mamluk state
- Ahmad bin Abdullah al-Tarabulsi: Levantine Arab, known as Ibn al-Hibbal al-Hanbali, served as a judge in Damascus and later in Tripoli during the Mamluk state
- Ibn Fadl Allah al-Umari al-Dimashqi: Levantine Arab, a historian and writer of official correspondence
- Ibn Wasil al-Hamawi: Levantine Arab, a judge and litterateur
- Ibn Muzhir al-Dimashqi: Levantine Arab, held positions in market inspection, special oversight, and confidential correspondence
- Ibn al-Barizi al-Hamawi: Levantine Arab, served as overseer of the armies and
confidential correspondence
- Zain al-Din Abdul Basit bin Khalil bin Ibrahim al-Dimashqi: Levantine Arab, served as overseer of the armies, special affairs, and correspondence
- The Vizier Zain al-Din Yaqub al-Zubayri: Egyptian Arab
- The Vizier Baha al-Din Hanna: Egyptian Copt
- Shafi‘ bin Ali al-Kinani: Egyptian Arab
- Ibn Abdul Zahir al-Judhami: Egyptian Arab
- Sa‘d al-Din bin Majid al-Nahhal: Egyptian Copt, served as a vizier
- Al-Maqrizi: Egyptian Arab, held positions in market inspection and preaching
- Al-Qalqashandi: Egyptian Arab
The era of the Mamluk state was the golden age for scholars from the Levant and Egypt in Islamic civilization, with the most notable among them being:
Salah al-Din al-Kahhal al-Hamawi,
Ibn al-Shatir al-Dimashqi, Shams al-Din al-Khalili, al-Mizzi, Ibn al-Siraj al-Halabi, al-Nuwayri, Ibn Kathir, al-Safadi, Ibn Muflih, al-Qalqashandi, Ibn al-Wardi al-Kindi, and Ibn Habib al-Halabi. Most scholars of the Mamluk era focused on history and authorship in this field.
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Firearms in the Islamic World during the Middle Ages
• The armies of the Islamic world, such as the Mamluks, used gunpowder bombs against the Mongols and Crusaders since the 13th century. The Mongols were defeated in 1260, and the Crusaders were expelled from Acre in 1291..+
• During the Mongol campaign against China in 1276, they relied on Arab engineers from Iraq and Iran to develop an Arab-style trebuchet that launched bombs over longer distances.
• The armies of the Islamic world used an incendiary substance from Iraq
known as "Iraqi pots," which terrified the Crusaders according to de Joinville, and some Western sources, such as Partington, described it as resembling "ancient atomic bombs."
Ibn al-Rammah documented these techniques,
The Science of Lectures: It originated with Abdullah ibn al-Mufaqqa‘ during the Abbasid era, and the most famous books in this field are *Kalila wa Dimna* and *Al-‘Iqd al-Farid* by Ibn Abd Rabbih.
The Science of Poetry Composition: It emerged in Iraq, and the first to..+
establish its foundations, organize it, and make it an independent science was Qudama ibn Ja‘far al-Baghdadi in his book *Critique of Poetry*.
Autobiography: It is an authentic Arabic literary form that originated with the Arabs. The first to write in this genre were Urwah ibn al-Zubayr, may Allah be pleased with him, followed by Ibn Ishaq.
The ancient capital of Armenia, designed and supervised by the Phoenician Carthaginian Hannibal
Several historians, such as Plutarch, mentioned that "Artaxata," the ancient capital of Armenia, had its location chosen and was built based on the advice of the Carthaginian..+
commander "Hannibal" during his time at the court of the Armenian king "Artaxias I." According to the Greek historians "Plutarch and Strabo," "Hannibal" personally oversaw the construction of the city, which gradually grew to become a large and beautiful city, known as the
"Carthage of Armenia."
- In the attached image, there is a three-dimensional model of the upper city of "Artaxata," where the Carthaginian style is evident in the locations of the temples, administrative buildings, and two-story houses.
During the journey of the Canaanite Cadmus in search of his sister Europa, it is mentioned that Arabs accompanied him. Those Arabs then settled in Greece and lived in ancient times in the land of the island of Euboea, whose capital was Chalcis.
It is clear that these Arabs came from Phoenicia-Canaan (from Latakia to Gaza), as evidenced by the fact that Cadmus was Phoenician, so perhaps their origin was from the Arabs of Phoenicia.
Diodorus Siculus mentioned that the Dabaia tribe always hosted the peoples of Boeotia and the Peloponnesians in Greece as guests The reason for this is that these Greek peoples had ancient ties and relationships with this Arab tribe and this Arab tribe also inherited these bonds.
Before the Prophetic Mission, the Arabs had an expanse from Britain in the west to India in the east, where they lived in the form of commercial, settled, or military garrison communities.
The Nabataean Arabs inhabited cities and islands:
Salamis in Cyprus
Rhodes, Kos, Delos..+
and Rinia in Greece Miletus and Priene in Anatolia Puteoli, Ostia, and Rome in Italy, and Avenches in Switzerland Petronell-Carnuntum in Austria Nabataean artifacts have been found, possibly indicating that the Nabataean Arabs inhabited Sri Lanka.
As for the Palmyrenes, evidence suggests that their activities extended westward, reaching Hadrian’s Wall in Britain,
where they lived in a fortress of the Arabs now called South Shields,
and on the island of Kharg in Iran.
The Palmyrene Arabs also had a settlement