Tumor analytes are substances released by or indicative of tumor cells that can be detected in the body to aid in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.
Tumor analytes, also known as tumor markers, are substances found in the blood, urine, or tissue that can be secreted by or released from tumor cells and may indicate the presence of cancer
Purely guessing here.
"Tumor nucleation crystal" refers to a microscopic intracellular or extracellular crystal that forms through a nucleation process within or near a tumor, often associated with the abnormal accumulation of proteins or other substances. The presence of such crystals, such as immunoglobulin crystals in multiple myeloma or p53 fibrils in cancer cells, can occur in cancerous tissues and provides insights into tumor biology and potential diagnostic or therapeutic targets
•Nucleation: is the initial step in crystal formation, where a small cluster of molecules, called a "nucleus," forms spontaneously.
•This nucleus then serves as a template for the growth of a larger crystal by attracting more molecules from the surrounding solution or environment
•In some cancers, proteins that are crucial for the tumor's function or growth can aggregate and form abnormal structures.
A protein corona is a dynamic coating of biomolecules, primarily proteins, that adsorbs onto the surface of nanoparticles (NPs) when they enter a biological environment. This protein layer completely changes the nanoparticle's "synthetic" identity into a new "biological" identity, influencing its biodistribution, interactions with cells, efficacy, and toxicity. The composition and structure of the protein corona are highly variable, depending on the properties of the nanoparticle itself, the biological medium, and the conditions of exposure
A protein corona is a layer of plasma proteins that form on the surface of a liposome when it enters a biological system, significantly changing its "biological identity" by dictating its interactions with the body's immune system and ultimately influencing its therapeutic effectiveness. While liposomes are lipid-based vesicles used for drug delivery, the protein corona is a dynamic, complex coating that modifies their surface properties, determining their fate in vivo through factors like biodistribution, immune system activation, and toxicity.
A quantum dot (QD) liposome is a nanoscale hybrid system that combines quantum dots with liposomes, acting as a powerful theranostic agent for delivering both diagnostic and therapeutic payloads. The liposome's phospholipid structure provides biocompatibility and a carrier for hydrophobic or hydrophilic agents, while the quantum dots offer bright, stable fluorescence for in vivo imaging. These QD-liposome complexes, also known as lipodots or liposome-quantum dot complexes (QLCs),can track drug distribution, enhance targeting, and allow for simultaneous diagnosis and treatment
Why you shouldn’t introduce Ai to a guy like me.
Quantum dot nucleation is a synthetic process where semiconducting precursorsform initial, tiny nanocrystal clusters that grow into a discrete quantum dot, often in a solution-based method called colloidal synthesis. In contrast, virus nucleation is a biological process occurring during virus crystallization or assembly, where virus coat proteins aggregate into small nuclei, serving as the first structural building blocks for the outer capsid. The key difference lies in their nature: one is an artificial chemical process for creating nanomaterials, and the other is a natural biological process for assembling a biological particle.
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Quantum dot qubits use the spin of trapped electrons or holes in tiny semiconductor structures (quantum dots) as their quantum bit, with the spins' up/down states representing 0 and 1. By controlling these trapped particles with electric and magnetic fields, researchers can perform quantum operations and develop technologies for future quantum computers
A quantum dot brain-computer interface (BCI) is a theoretical and experimental technology that uses semiconducting nanocrystals (quantum dots) to create a highly precise, and potentially less invasive, communication link between the brain and a computer. The use of quantum dots aims to overcome the limitations of traditional BCIs, which often have issues with signal resolution, biocompatibility, and invasiveness.
Quantum dots can be used in BCIs in several ways due to their unique properties:
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•Highly sensitive neural sensors:Quantum dots act as incredibly sensitive nanoscale sensors that can detect the tiny magnetic fields and electrical signals generated by brain activity with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
•Targeted neuroimaging: Due to their small size (2–10 nanometers), quantum dots can potentially cross the blood-brain barrier and be engineered to target specific brain cells, such as neurons. When light is shone on them, they fluoresce, allowing for high-resolution imaging of neural activity.
•Optoelectronic stimulation:When used in photovoltaic biointerfaces, quantum dots can convert light into electrical currents that can stimulate or inhibit neural activity. This allows for targeted and controllable neurostimulation without the need for traditional electrical electrodes.
•Quantum entanglement for communication: At a more advanced and theoretical stage, researchers are exploring using quantum entanglement to create more robust and secure communication channels for BCI signals. This could lead to faster data transfer and more reliable brain-machine communication.
Enhanced processing with quantum computing: Quantum-enhanced BCIs can integrate with quantum computing to handle the massive, complex neural data in real-time, improving the speed and accuracy of translating thoughts into commands
ENVISIONING
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By incorporating a periodic grating structure, the device can control and guide incident light
The key feature is the presence of a very small gap (nanogap) between two closely spaced metal nanostructures, which acts like a double-slit in a traditional experiment
The helium atom ground state wave function obtained by TDSE without external field. Total run time is 5T where T=110.2a.u
High-order harmonic generation (HHG), attosecond pulse train (APT), isolated attosecond pulse (IAP), and non-sequential double ionization (NSDI) in the Helium atom under intense femtosecond laser pulses are computed using the time-dependent Schrodinger equation (TDSE) in one dimension (1D). By taking into account the electron-electron and electron-nucleus interactions, as well as determining the Helium atom's ground state wave function through the imaginary time propagation (ITP) method, we are able to observe the widely recognized "knee structure" in the ionization probability of the Helium atom as a function of intensity within an ionization boundary condition model. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data reported by Walker et al. [B. Walker et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1227 (1994)].
sound waves can be used to control the position of electrons, though not by literally levitating them "from a hole" as a physical object. Researchers have demonstrated that high-frequency sound waves, specifically surface acoustic waves, can create a periodic electric potential within a semiconductor, which then traps and moves individual electrons. This phenomenon is sometimes described as electrons "surfing" on sound waves, and it is a key development for future quantum computers
Sound waves are pressure waves
1When high-frequency sound waves propagate through a piezoelectric semiconductor, they induce an oscillating electric potential within the material.
2Creating a "Wave" for Electrons:
This induced electric potential creates a periodic landscape for electrons.
3Electron Trapping and Movement:
Electrons become trapped in the low-amplitude areas of this sound-wave-induced electric potential. By controlling the sound waves, researchers can precisely manipulate the position of these trapped electrons.
Applications
•Quantum Computing:
The ability to precisely control single electrons is a significant step toward building functional quantum computers, where electrons serve as qubits