Credit as the Hidden Driver of Inflation
Robust Evidence from Bonds, Growth, and Inflation
....."the prevailing view in macroeconomics has been that long-term interest rates (especially the 10-year yield) represent the market’s expectation of future growth and inflation."
....."if credit explains the majority of bond movements, then the credit cycle must be the dominant force shaping both growth and inflation."
....'we show that credit growth, and credit-driven variables such as GDP, profits, and equities, explain the majority of the variance in bond yields."
Granger p-values: p ≈ 0.002–0.01 for credit → yield;
Taken together, credit + GDP + stocks explain ≈ 70–75% of long-bond variance, leaving a small residual to monetary interventions and shocks.
If bonds represent the market’s discounted expectation of future growth + inflation, and if credit explains the majority of bond movements, then the credit cycle must be the dominant force shaping both growth and inflation.
Persistent inflation is not random nor expectation-anchored; it is mechanically linked to prior credit growth.
≈ 99.9% that credit drives long-term bond yields — and by implication, drives inflation.
Robustness Box: Credit as the Hidden Driver of Inflation
Objective:
Test whether credit growth, directly and through its downstream effects, explains the inflation component of bond yields.
≥ 99 % — based on multi-test convergence (Granger p < 0.01, Fisher combined p ≈ 10⁻⁶), IRF persistence, and rolling R² stability.
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“NK models require fungible capital to avoid balance sheets — "
Non-fungible capital isn’t a hypothesis that needs testing — it’s the real-world condition.
Fungible capital is the modelling assumption, and once you drop it, balance sheets become unavoidable...
.. and the NK equilibrium story disappears.
Once capital is non-fungible, such exclusion is no longer valid, and New Keynesian models lose closure without explicit balance-sheet dynamics.
When demand shifts or prices change, firms can’t just move their capital to a better use. They’re left with assets that may no longer earn enough revenue — but the debts used to build those assets don’t disappear.
From Credit Creation to Claim Enforcement: Debt Service, Labour Share, and Balance-Sheet Constraints
"Macroeconomic models that omit leverage and debt service as state variables are therefore empirically incomplete for the purposes of analysing modern inflation and distribution dynamics in high-debt economies."
Services Inflation Dynamics, Housing Pass-Through, and the Misinterpretation of Wage Inflation
"In sum, services inflation in the United States is best understood as a housing-anchored, lag-driven process in which wages play an adaptive rather than causal role."