Appendix C. Triangulation and Hierarchy of Evidence: Debt, Assets, and the Monetary Function of the Balance Sheet
"Across all tests, posterior belief that financial assets perform the monetary function exceeds 99.5 %, satisfying the “decisive evidence” threshold."
The Three Axes of Empirical Proof
This establishes the creation mechanism of effective money.
Nominal purchasing power arises not from central-bank base money but from private and public credit issuance.
Balance-Sheet Structure (Ω): Assets as Money’s Internal Equivalent
The GDP-FX Triangle: Assets as Money’s External Equivalent
C3. Triangulated Structure of Proof
Together, these axes demonstrate the three canonical monetary functions—creation, circulation, and valuation—arise from balance-sheet dynamics.
Hierarchy of Evidence
Bayesian Synthesis
Posterior confidence exceeds 99.5 %, satisfying the “decisive evidence” criterion on the Jeffreys scale.
Implications and Integration
Through causal, structural, and external validation, the triangulated evidence confirms that the defining functions of money—creation, store of value, and unit of account—are now performed by the aggregate financial balance sheet.
Appendix D. Triangulation and Hierarchy of Evidence: Summary and Bayesian Confidence Box
The Empirical Hierarchy
Bayesian Confidence Box
Together they show that the financial balance sheet is the money supply, and that assets are money’s operational form.
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“NK models require fungible capital to avoid balance sheets — "
Non-fungible capital isn’t a hypothesis that needs testing — it’s the real-world condition.
Fungible capital is the modelling assumption, and once you drop it, balance sheets become unavoidable...
.. and the NK equilibrium story disappears.
Once capital is non-fungible, such exclusion is no longer valid, and New Keynesian models lose closure without explicit balance-sheet dynamics.
When demand shifts or prices change, firms can’t just move their capital to a better use. They’re left with assets that may no longer earn enough revenue — but the debts used to build those assets don’t disappear.
From Credit Creation to Claim Enforcement: Debt Service, Labour Share, and Balance-Sheet Constraints
"Macroeconomic models that omit leverage and debt service as state variables are therefore empirically incomplete for the purposes of analysing modern inflation and distribution dynamics in high-debt economies."
Services Inflation Dynamics, Housing Pass-Through, and the Misinterpretation of Wage Inflation
"In sum, services inflation in the United States is best understood as a housing-anchored, lag-driven process in which wages play an adaptive rather than causal role."