1 The defining deliberations of this war aren't between the US and Iran, but Trump and himself. He’s vacillated between walking away and promising to bomb Iran to the Stone Age. Iran has been consistent: Its ideology is resistance, its strategy is chaos, its endgame is survival.
2 Trump has misunderstood the nature of the Islamic Republic. His threats to decimate Iran have not moved a regime which, since its inception, has shown itself willing to destroy the country and its people rather than compromise its power or ideology. theatlantic.com/international/…
3 In contrast to Trump, who has no fixed foreign policy views, Tehran’s ruling class call themselves “principlists” because of their fidelity to the principles of the revolution, above all resistance against America and the rejection of Israel’s existence.
4 These revolutionary ideals serve as both a glue—holding the regime together—and an anchor, holding the nation down. The country will never advance without abandoning the ideology; The regime believes it can’t survive if it abandons its principles.
5 Trump speaks about this conflict as a negotiation in pursuit of a grand bargain. Tehran may accept a narrow deal in exchange for a ceasefire, but its enmity toward the US and Israel will remain. Ayatollah Khamenei chose martyrdom over normalization; his son will do the same.
6 Over 47 years the Islamic Republic has made only two major compromises. The first was its 1988 decision to end the Iran-Iraq war--after eight years and an estimated 200K Iranian deaths--a concession Khomeini likened to drinking poison. The second was Obama’s 2015 nuclear deal.
7 In both cases, the pattern was the same: Iran faced existential economic pressure and was offered a concrete diplomatic exit that did not require it to abandon its revolutionary identity. Trump has offered the pressure without a clear exit.
8 One of America's deepest misunderstandings about Iran has been conflating Iran's national interests with regime interests. They are often opposites. What would benefit Iranians—stability, global reintegration, normalcy—threatens a theocratic mafia that thrives in isolation.
9 The paradox of the Islamic Republic is that it tends to compromise only under severe pressure, yet that same external pressure and isolation have helped entrench the regime. nytimes.com/2022/08/12/opi…
10 One clear lesson from Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Arab Spring is that the US cannot dictate political outcomes. Regime opponents significantly outnumber regime supporters in Iran, but no outside power can forge a new national consensus for Iranians. nytimes.com/2025/06/23/opi…
11 History suggests Tehran will overplay its hand. It held American diplomats hostage for 444 days—humiliating the US at the cost of its international standing. It prolonged its ruinous war with Iraq. It praised Hamas's October 7 attack—leading to the destruction of its proxies.
12 The most urgent priority isn't Iran's nuclear program—it's the Strait of Hormuz. Tehran is trying to normalize it as its own Panama Canal. This is a problem that should have a diplomatic solution: Europe, Asia, and Arab partners all have a strong interest in keeping it open.
13 Trump wants a quick deal. The regime, for both ideological and structural reasons, cannot make one. So long as the Islamic Republic rules Iran the inevitable outcome is a return to the cold war that predates this conflict and will likely outlast it.
14 Wars, like revolutions, are judged by the political orders they build, not by what they destroy. Trump is measuring this war by what he has destroyed. History will judge it by its lasting impact on Iran, the Middle East, and the broader global order.
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1 Instead of producing an Iran's Delcy Rodriguez, the war has for now produced a budding Iranian Kim Jong Un. A profile of Mojtaba Khamenei, including from a Tehran source who's long known him. "They’ve just killed his family; He’s bloodthirsty now." theatlantic.com/international/…
2 Reportedly injured and in hiding (eluding assassination), Mojtaba will attempt to lead a bankrupt regime that is simultaneously fighting full-blown wars against the United States and Israel and against much of its own population.
3 Mojtaba begins with a huge popularity and legitimacy deficit: Ayatollah Khomeini, the leader of the 1979 revolution that deposed a hereditary monarchy to establish a theocracy, called hereditary succession a “sinister, evil system of government” that “has no place in Islam."
1) 5 conditions are often needed for a revolution: fiscal crisis, divided elites, a diverse opposition, a convincing narrative of resistance, and a favorable international environment. Iran meets nearly all of them. My @TheAtlantic essay w/ @jgoldsto 🧵 theatlantic.com/international/…
2 In American politics, inflation rates of more than 3 percent can bring down administrations. Iran’s inflation rates—more than 50 percent across the board, 70 percent for food—are among the world’s highest.
3 In 1979, one US dollar was worth 70 Iranian rials; today, it’s worth 1.47 million rials, a depreciation of more than 99%. Iranian currency has become less a medium of exchange than a daily index of national despair.
1/10 The US bombing of Iran's nuclear facilities is an unprecedented event that may prove to be transformational for Iran, the Middle East, US foreign policy, global non-proliferation, and potentially even the global order. Its impact will be measured for decades to come. 🧵
2 Trump indicated this is now the time for peace. It’s unclear and unlikely the Iranians will see it the same way. This is more likely to open a new chapter of the 46-year-old US-Iran war than conclude it.
3 Many of Iran's retaliatory options are the strategic equivalent of a suicide bombing. They can strike US embassies and bases, attack oil facilities in the Persian Gulf, mine the Strait of Hormuz, or rain missiles on Israel—but the regime may not survive the blowback.
1 We known from history the full impact of Israel’s attack on Iran will take years to unfold. It could prevent an Iranian bomb or ensure one. It could destabilize the regime or entrench it. For now, Iran’s capacity to respond is far weaker than a year ago. Initial thoughts🧵
2 Over the last year Israeli military action had already significantly diminished Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' in the Middle East. Hamas and Hezbollah are shattered, Assad’s regime is finished, and Iraqi Shia militias are subdued. Tehran is now overly reliant on Yemen's Houthis.
3 If Iran attacks Saudi oil facilities or tries to block oil flow in the Strait of Hormuz, it risks direct US retaliation, given Riyadh’s strong ties with Trump. Gulf states publicly condemned the attack, but many quietly welcome seeing Iran weakened.
1🧵 My new @ForeignAffairs essay on the ideological clash in the Middle East whose outcome could prove most consequential for the region and the world order, the battle between Saudi Arabia's "Vision 2030" and the Islamic Republic of Iran's "Vision 1979". foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/ne…
2 Vision 2030 appeals to popular aspirations; Vision 1979 exploits popular grievances. Vision 2030 seeks partnership with the U.S. and Israel; Vision 1979 thrives on resisting both. Vision 2030 is driven by social liberalization; Vision 1979 is anchored in social repression.
3 The two visions reflect the distinct personalities of their leaders: 85-year-old Ayatollah Khamenei and 39-year-old Crown Prince MBS, two of the region’s most powerful figures, whose mutual animosity is clear. MBS champions modernity, while Khamenei lionizes martyrdom.
1🧵Brief intro to our new essay with @nicolegrajewski on the Russia-Iran partnership and its centrality to numerous global challenges, including nuclear proliferation, cybersecurity, authoritarianism, disinformation, illicit finance, and energy security. carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/…
2 Russia and Iran are historical geopolitical rivals with competing national interests and centuries of mutual mistrust. Yet, throughout history, they've occasionally united against common adversaries, including the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire, and now the United States.
3 Perceived U.S. efforts to encircle them militarily, and subvert them internally, are one basis for their partnership. Their cooperation in deadly wars in Syria and Ukraine have further deepened their military, economic, and diplomatic ties. nytimes.com/2022/10/17/wor…