1/ “The ideology of racial equality was an important weapon on behalf of opening immigration up to all human groups.” - p 252
2/ “For example, in a 1951 statement to congress, the AJCongress stated, ‘The findings of science must force even the most prejudiced among us to accept...that intelligence, morality, and character, bear no relationship whatever to geography or place of birth.’” - p 252
3/ “The statement went on to cite some of Boas’s popular writings on the subject as well as the writings of Boas’s protege Ashley Montagu, perhaps the most visible opponent of the concept of race during this period.” - p 252
4/ “Montagu, whose original name was Israel Ehrenberg, theorized in the period immediately following WWII that humans are innately cooperative, but not innately aggressive, and there is a universal brotherhood among humans...” - p 252
5/ “In 1952 another Boas protege, Margaret Mead, testified before the President’s Commission on Immigration and Naturalization (PCIN) that ‘all human beings from all groups of people have the same potentialities...’” - p 252
6/ “Another witness stated that the executive board of the American Anthropological Association had unanimously endorsed the proposition that ‘all scientific evidence indicates that all peoples are inherently capable of acquiring or adapting to our civilization.’” - p 252
7/ “By 1965 Senator Jacob Javits could confidently announce to the Senate during the debate on the immigration bill that ‘both the dictates of our consciences as well as the precepts of sociologists tell us that immigration...
8/ as it exists in the national origins quota system is wrong and without any basis in reason or fact for we know better than to say that one man is better than another because of the color of his skin.’” - p 252-253
9/ “The intellectual revolution and its translation into public policy had been completed.” - p 253
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1/ “The forces of immigration restriction were temporarily successful with the immigration laws of 1921 and 1924, which passed despite the intense opposition of Jewish groups.” - p 263
2/ “Divine (1957, 8) notes, ‘Arrayed against [the restrictionist forces] in 1921 were only the spokespersons for the southeastern European immigrants, mainly Jewish leaders, whose protests were drowned out by the general cry for restriction.’” - p 263
3/ “Similarly, during the 1924 congressional hearings on immigration, ‘The most prominent group of witnesses against the bill were representatives of southeastern European immigrants, particularly Jewish leaders’ (Divine 1957, 16).” - p 263
1/ “Jewish involvement in altering the intellectual discussion of race and ethnicity appears to have had long term repercussions on U.S. immigration policy, but Jewish political involvement was ultimately of much greater significance.” - p 258
2/ “Jews have been ‘the single most persistent pressure group favoring a liberal immigration policy’ in the United States in the entire immigration debate beginning in 1881 (Neuringer 1971, 392-393).” - p 258
3/ “‘In undertaking to sway immigration policy in a liberal direction, Jewish spokespersons and organizations demonstrated a degree of energy unsurpassed by any other interested pressure group.’” - p 258
1/ “Finally, Jews have also been instrumental in organizing African Americans as a political force that served Jewish interests in diluting the political and cultural hegemony of non-Jewish European Americans.” - p 254
2/ “Jews played a very prominent role in organizing blacks beginning with the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 and, despite increasing black anti-Semitism continuing into the present.” - p 254
3/ “‘By mid-decade [c. 1915], the NAACP had something of the aspect of an adjunct of B’nai B’rith and the American Jewish Committee...
1/ “One aspect of the Jewish interest in cultural pluralism in the United States has been that Jews have a perceived interest that the United States not be a homogeneous Christian culture.” - p 253
2/ “As Ivers (1995, 2) notes, ‘Jewish civil rights organizations have had an historic role in the postwar development of American church-state law and policy.’” - p 253
3/ “In this case the main Jewish effort began only after WWII, although Jews opposed linkages between the state and the Protestant religion much earlier.” - p 253