@AmaniUniverse I am educated with a graduate degree in medieval history. You?

Madrassas have little in common with universities as we know them, as I’ve informed you. India had a system similar to Islam which existed earlier than Al-Qarawiyyin. Both prototypes, perhaps, but not universities. @AmaniUniverse A university must meet these requirements: A corporate legal status, faculties, standardised curriculum, degrees with recognized authority, self-governance, collegial body of masters, autonomy from church/state, a recognised student body. If any element is missing, there is no