JamesFennell MBE Profile picture
Dec 11 22 tweets 8 min read
Lets look at the Second Tactical Air Force (2 TAF) and how RAF air support for 21st Army Group was organised and delivered.

2TAF was built on lessons in close air support learned in the Mediterranean with the Desert Air Force (later renamed the First Tactical Air Force). Image Formed in July 1943, command passed to Arthur Coningham in January 1944, the New Zelander who had led the Desert Air Force from 1941-43 and pioneered the use of forward air control, 'cab ranks' and the rapid construction of forward air strips behind advancing ground forces. Image
Dec 10 15 tweets 5 min read
New drone production facilities in the UK.

A quick thread noting some of the new capacity unveilled this year.

1./ Ukrspecsystems, the Ukrainian drone producer opened a new $250 million factory at RAF Mildenhall in Suffolk, as well as test facilities at the airfield. Image UKrspecsystems manufactures the PD-2, Shark and mini-Shark ISR UAVs. Shark is likely to be built in the UK for both Ukriane and the British armed forces. Image
Dec 4 10 tweets 4 min read
Lets look at the P-51 as an exercise in getting the right kit to the guys quickly.
1./ NA took a risk - they could have made $$ building P-40s, but they wanted more.
2./ They adopted the latest tech - they used NACA's secret R&D sauce to make the P-51 super slippery. Image ... more slippery than the Bf 109, the Spitfire or the FW 190.
3./ NA were aided by a tight Air Ministry specification, designed around real combat experience against the Luftwaffe.
4./ The engineers were left to get on with it - no SRO changing the specs, 90 days is all it took. Image
Nov 22 14 tweets 5 min read
Fascism is difficult to pin down, we use it as a shorthand for evil, but it was rooted in time. Especially the humilitiation of defeat during WW1, and the desire to overturn Christian ideas of universal human dignity in favour of ethnic supremacy in the cause of national renewal. Image At its heart is the repudiation of the Christian idea of the universal human condition which underpinned European enlightenment culture. So in a strange way it looked back to pagan myth but in the service of a building a new world, one which rejected the 'brotherhood of man'. Image
Nov 20 8 tweets 3 min read
In 1939 the FAA and RAF's anti-shipping options were at best antiquated. Both were equipped with obsolete slow-flying biplane torpedo bombers.

The navy also had a small number of more up to date monoplane dive bombers, procured by claiming they were fighters. Image The modern Mark XII and XIV 18" air launched torpedo were entering service to replace the fragile Mark XI (most of which were repurposed for use by MTBs), but the armour piercing bomb dated from the 1920s had a tiny explosive charge and couldn't be carried by Skua dive bombers. Image
Nov 5 21 tweets 8 min read
Generating mass. The Sherman Tank.

The American strategy in WW2 was to find ways to produce more of a 'good enough' tank design than the opposition - the M4 Sherman. Different variants largely reflected ways of increasing production rather than enhancements in design. Image The M4 was initially designed to be built by locomotive manufacturers using a fully cast hull and turret. Casting saved time and required fewer skilled employees to build than welded fabrication. The baseline M4 was powered by a modified Wright Whirlwind 1920s aeroengine. Image
Oct 22 16 tweets 6 min read
Getting things done in Britain:

How Sgt. Rod Banks and the Mosquito shadow modification network gave Mosquitos the extra ooph to avoid Luftwaffe fighters.

Rod Banks was a lowly engine fitter at RAF Marham, exceptional engineer and former Rolls Royce apprentice. Image When the Mosquito entered service it was very fast at 380mph at altitude, but soon pilots found that the new Bf 109G and Fw 190A fighters could catch them.

Banks had realised there was a small discrepacy between the tolerances of the engine and the the meximum boost limit. Image
Oct 21 29 tweets 10 min read
On Trafalgar Day its worth looking at the post-1840 reforms that turned Britian's then often defeated navy into the precision instrument of victory wielded by Nelson and Pellew in the Napoleonic Wars. Many have resonance to this day. Image The key moment was the appointment of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, as First Lord of the Admiralty from 1747-51, 1763 and 1771-83. He oversaw a series of far reaching naval reforms and also invented fast food, both of which came to define the Anglo-Saxon world. Image
Oct 9 9 tweets 2 min read
Carl Schmitt's 'state of exception' being engineered in America. Schmitt, a jurist and philosopher (and later a Nazi party member), introduced the idea of the 'state of emergency' in his 1921 essay 'on dictatorship' as a concept to enable a strong executive power to overrule the Weimar constitution. The Italian philosopher Georgio Agamben developed this further in his 2005 book 'state of exception' to show how this could be extended indefinately.

Schmitt helped draft legislation after the Reichstag Fire to temporarily suspend civil liberties which was never repealed.
Oct 4 24 tweets 9 min read
Second lives.

Many obsolete aircraft had second lives on D-Day. 12 new Hurricane IIc were modified to carry 31 cu ft.mail by 1649 (Air Dispatch Letter Service) flight from RAF Northolt. Working with the Post Office they delivered mail to US and UK forward airstrips in France. Image Mail was carried in the port droptank and in the fuselage aft of the pilot. Guns were retained but no ammo was carried to reduce weight. By this time Hurricane production was ending, but they were still used by training units. Image
Sep 30 32 tweets 12 min read
The A22 Churchill infantry tank - an unlikely success story.

A🧵

The Churchill failed, failed and failed again, and yet evolved into the most useful British tank on the 1944-5 battlefield. Image The Churchill has its origins in hastily dusted off plans to send a new BEF to France after the Munich crisis in 1938.

Envisaging a return to 1914-18 trench warfare, the War Office issued a requirement for a larger gap-crossing infantry tank to complement the Matilda. Image
Sep 10 17 tweets 6 min read
1SL Gen Gwyn Jenkins set out an ambitious strategy for rebuilding the Royal Navy yesterday:

1⃣ within 100 days a plan to deliver full capability in 4 years and new assessment methods trialled to select a new cadre of wartime commanders.
gov.uk/government/spe… 2⃣ mass to be generated by rapidly delivering uncrewed systems to team with crewed ships, submarines and aircraft. The first LUSVs and collaborative combat aircraft to be inducted in 2026.
3⃣ largest maritime warfighting training overhaul since the Cold War. Image
Aug 30 7 tweets 3 min read
The UK's plan to aquire 7,000 long range weapons is becoming clearer. In addition to the FC/ASW 1,000km TP15 and RJ10 subsonic stealth and supersonic cruise missiles for the RAF and RN, the Army will deploy 600km BRAKESTOP OWEs and NIGHTFALL tactical ballistic missiles. Image Both BRAKESTOP and NIGHTFALL are sovereign developed, ITAR-free and domestically produced capabilities, like FC/ASW, but unlike the Anglo-French-Italian MBDA missile programme and to be low cost and rapidly developed for fielding before 2030. Image
Aug 23 34 tweets 12 min read
Lets talk about castles.

The castle was a Norman military innovation of the 11th century. It enabled a small elite, highly mobile military force to dominate and control large territories and much larger populations. The castle served as an impregable command post, observation post, supply dump and garrison for a highly trained raiding force of mobile (mounted) warriors. These became 'knights'. The Normans, of Viking descent, used them to wrest control of territory in northern France. Image
Jul 11 11 tweets 4 min read
IAMD priorities
- Portsmouth, Faslane, Devonport, Gibraltar naval bases
- Lossiemouth, Coningsby, Marham, Brize Norton, Akrotiri RAF bases
- GCHQ Cheltenham, Whitehall, Wyton, Waddington C2, ISR.
- Fylingdales and 8 Remote Radar Heads
- AWE Aldermaston and 6 nuclear power plants. Image On the 'The Wargame' Sky podcast, Gen. Sir Richard Barrons, one of the SDR architects, said an 'Iron Dome' for the UK would cost £24 billion and is thus unaffordable.

Nevertheless, we should explore cheaper and more flexible means of providing IAMD against a first strike. Image
Jun 30 15 tweets 5 min read
In the 1930s the RAF allocated '300' series squadron numbers for crews from occupied nations and the '400' series for Article XV squadrons crewed by commonwealth allies.

Numbers 1-299 were regular RAF, 500 series for the Special Reserve and 600 for the Volunteer Reserve. The first 300 series squadrons were formed in July 1940 with experienced Polish refugee aircrews.

Four (300, 301, 304 and 305) were bomber squadrons, initially given Fairey Battles withdrawn from RAF service, which were exchanged for Vickers Wellingtons by the end of the year. Image
Jun 26 17 tweets 6 min read
The missing link to make sense of the SDR and recent decisions on air power is a major ACP (Loyal Wingman) programme for both RAF and FAA.

This is an SDR recommendation and needs to be properly funded (billions), but is unlikely to get those resources until after 2029. Image Introduction of an ACP to FAA needs to be timed with a 2030s MLU of the carriers, but can enter service earlier with the RAF, initially as part of UK IAMD and for the SEAD/DEAD mission, increasing mass in the fast jet force. Image
Jun 18 31 tweets 11 min read
With the prospect of the RN getting a new Type 92 sloop, I though I'd take a look at the history of the 'sloop' in the Royal Navy.

Sloop is an anglicised Dutch term, meaning a small flat bottomed ship, adopted by the Royal Navy from the 17th c. for small second class warships. Image During the 18th and early 19th centuries the sloop was formalised as an unrated single gundeck warship of 18 guns, under the command of a 'Master and Commander' rather than a post Captain. Smaller than frigates, they were used for trade protection on distant outposts. Image
Jun 17 11 tweets 4 min read
Hunt class escort destroyers.

Concerned that the new classes of large fleet destroyers were unsuited for convoy escort duties, a new type of small escort destroyer was designed in 1938-9.

The design was for a 1,000 ton ship based on the Bittern class colonial sloops. Image Like the Bitterns, they would be built to naval standards, but power was raised from 3,300 to 19,000 shp on two shafts, giving a speed of 28 knts.

This resulted in considerable loss of range, making them only really suitable for North Sea and Mediterranean service. Image
Jun 17 6 tweets 2 min read
O & P class destroyers formed the 1st and 2nd Emergency Flotillas, and were the first wartime emergency classes.

Stripped down J-class hulls with raised fo'castles that could be built quickly, the 'O' class had four 4.7" low angle guns, similar to the earlier pre-war classes. Image The 'P' class were armed with five 4" HA guns for improved AA performance.

Both classes were optimised for escorts duties with only four 21" torpedo tubes.

AA armament was a quadruple 40mm pom pom and six 20mm Oerlikon guns, four on power operated twin mounts. Image
Jun 17 4 tweets 2 min read
Weapon class destroyers were the last RN wartime design, a larger follow-on to the War Emergency Classes, which could be built in yards too small for the Battle class.

Armament was similarly arranged to the Battles, with four 4" guns in new twin power operated mountings forward. Image They had a heavier torpedo and ASW armament than the Battles - 10 torpedo tubes and twin 'squid' ASW mortars, and were optimised for ASW escort of carrier groups.

Secondary AA armament was two twin STAAG radar guided 40mm bofors mounts and four single 40mm bofors mounts. Image