Gabriel Epstein Profile picture
Senior Policy Associate @IsraelPolicy4m. Former Research Assistant @WashInstitute. Graduate @SAISHopkins.
May 7 10 tweets 9 min read
On May 6, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published another set of 17 of their slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 292. This set includes journalists, health and education workers, and police and internal security personnel. 🧵 Image PIJ confirmed prior reporting first done by @MiddleEastBuka that Mohammed al-Saeed Ismail Abu Sakhil (ID#: 803231604, age 32), a journalist for the Sawt al-Quds Radio station, was a platoon commander in PIJ’s Financial Administration Unit in the Gaza Brigade. Both Sakhil and his brother (another journalist) were killed in fighting in and near Shifa Hospital in March-April 2024. x.com/GabrielEpstein…Image
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May 6 6 tweets 6 min read
The likely target of an Oct 10, 2023 airstrike in Gaza that killed journalist Salam Khalil Mohammed Mayma (ID#: 802820001, age 32): her husband, PIJ commander Mohammed Abdulnasser Mohammed al-Masri (ID#: 802443788, age 33). 🧵 Image
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Today, PIJ claimed al-Masri as a commander in its Central Coordination Unit in the Northern Brigade. al-Masri was also a teacher at multiple schools, including a stretch at the Adnan al-Alami Secondary School for Boys in al-Shati neighborhood in Gaza City. al-Masri and Mayma reportedly wed in 2015.Image
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Apr 27 9 tweets 9 min read
Yesterday (4/26), Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published another set of 22 of their slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 253. This addition includes civil defense and healthcare workers in dual roles, as well as lawyers.🧵 Image Ahmed Ismail Ahmed al-Buraim (ID#: 8800154916, age 43), a first lieutenant in Gaza’s Civil Defense, was also a platoon commander in PIJ’s Central Communications Unit in the Central Brigade.
He was killed in a July 2025 airstrike, alongside his son Mohammed Ahmed Ismail al-Buraim (ID#: 429672884, age 15), who appears to have been a child combatant based on videos posted to social media by his mother which show both Ahmed and Mohammed armed and in military uniform.Image
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Apr 24 7 tweets 7 min read
In the last two days, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) has identified 22 more slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total claimed directly by the group in the last two months to 231. This tranche includes the Gaza director of Turkish NGO IHH and an imam. 🧵 Image Ahmed Kamel Abdulaziz Ayyad (ID#: 801489725, age 39) was the deputy commander of the al-Turkmen Battalion in PIJ’s Gaza Brigade. He was killed in a July 2025 airstrike. Image
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Apr 22 9 tweets 10 min read
Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) identified 43 more slain commanders, totaling 209 announcements in the past 2 months. Most of this tranche are platoon-level commanders and were killed in the first year of the war. The list includes 6 workers for the Hamas-run government. 🧵 Image Ahmed Jamal Khaled al-Bahtini (ID#: 801485285, age 37), the deputy commander of PIJ’s Darj al-Tuffah Battalion in the Gaza Brigade, was killed in an October 2023 airstrike. The extended al-Bahtini family is prominent in PIJ: Khalil Salah al-Bahtini was the group’s military leader in northern Gaza and was killed during the May 2023 Israel-PIJ conflict.Image
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Apr 20 17 tweets 10 min read
Last week, a new U.N. Women report claimed that more than 38,000 women and girls were killed in Gaza between October 2023 and December 2025, or 47 per day. This is a speculative projection based on a projection, not a data point, and was widely misreported. 🧵 Image
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An initial problem is that the press release for the U.N. Women Advocacy Brief “The Cost of War in Gaza on Women and Girls” and the report itself say two different things: the press release (L) presents the 38,000 figure as fact while the report (R) is clear that it is an estimate, not a count.Image
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Apr 14 6 tweets 5 min read
Today, Hamas identified Mustafa Kamal Abdulqader Bakir (ID#: 800707911, age 36), a cameraman for the Hamas-affiliated al-Aqsa TV outlet, as a member of its military media and a commander in the Rafah Brigade’s Artillery Battalion. Bakir was killed in a Nov 2023 airstrike. 🧵 Image

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Bakir is listed as a slain journalist/media worker by the Committee to Protect Journalists, the International Federation of Journalists, the Hamas-run Government Media Office, and other trackers. Image
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Apr 6 5 tweets 3 min read
Ahmed Fathi Musleh Abu Ghali (ID#: 802316729, age 34), a commander in Hamas' Mohammed Abu Harb (al-Shaboura) Battalion in the Rafah Brigade killed in April 2025, was recently memorialized by the group. Ahmed's brother, journalist Zakaria Fathi Abu Ghali, was a PIJ commander. 🧵 Image

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Zakaria Fathi Abu Ghali was identified by PIJ as a commander in its military media unit in February 2026.
Apr 5 9 tweets 7 min read
Tariq Omar Salama Maarouf (ID#: 410136378, age 50), brother of Salama Maarouf, head of the Hamas-run Government Media Office (a key vector of Hamas’ propaganda effort), was a commander in Hamas’ Darj al-Tuffah Battalion in the Gaza Brigade. He was killed in Oct 2023. 🧵 Image

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Tariq Maarouf was killed alongside Rifaat Mahmoud Issa Abbas (ID#: 901472274, age 45) and Ibrahim Mahmoud Ibrahim Jadba (ID#: 931643811, age 41), respectively the commander and deputy commander of the Darj al-Tuffah Battalion, in an October 26, 2023 airstrike. Hamas' obituary announcement does not specify Maarouf’s role beyond calling him a commander, while the IDF claimed he was the battalion’s combat support commander.Image
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Mar 26 12 tweets 9 min read
A good example of wartime misinformation: a Nov 2025 al-Jazeera English article about Israa al-Areer, a Gazan freelance journalist, and her search for her missing husband Yasser al-Tawil and brother Diaa al-Areer fails to mention both were Hamas militants killed on October 7. 🧵 Image
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al-Jazeera and al-Areer tell one story in English, but open-source documentation and an article by the Felesteen Arabic-language outlet (below), which also interviewed al-Areer only 3 days after the October 7 attack tells a very different one. Below, a side-by-side comparison of several key points, with all links at the end of the thread.Image
Mar 22 12 tweets 8 min read
Palestinian Islamic Jihad recently published the names of an additional 85 commanders killed during the Gaza war. This thread will cover the second half of the list (see next tweet for the first), which includes commanders in media, medical, and police roles. Details below: 🧵 Image Analysis of the first half of the list is here:
Mar 20 11 tweets 9 min read
Yesterday, Palestinian Islamic Jihad published the names of an additional 86 commanders killed during the Gaza war. Due to the list's size, this thread will analyze one half, which includes 3 journalists, 3 nurses, and 2 lawyers, among others. Details below: 🧵 Image Many of those listed were previously known to be PIJ commanders or to hold dual roles, but others were not previously identifiable from open-source information. I believe most of these initial journalist IDs were first made by @MiddleEastBuka (apologies to anyone who was first). Links for specific persons and the full set of announcements available -- just DM.
Mar 17 7 tweets 5 min read
On May 28, 2025, an airstrike on a car in Gaza City killed 4 people, including two employees of the Turkish humanitarian NGO IHH (one the program director) and a journalist for the PIJ-affiliated al-Quds Today TV. New information indicates at least 3/4 were PIJ militants.🧵 Image
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Three of those killed—IHH program director Mohammed Jamal al-Mubayyad (45), Ahmed Matar Bustan (ID#: 404600363, age 26), and IHH employee Ishaq Assad al-Tayf (ID#: 409057130, age 21)—were mourned in the days after the strike by a PIJ channel dedicated to the memory of slain PIJ leader Khalil al-Bahtini (in 2023), but without explicit language naming them as militants.Image


Mar 4 6 tweets 4 min read
While the U.S.-Israel-Iran conflict dominated the news, PIJ released another list of 20 commanders killed during the war in Gaza on March 1. They include the husband of a prominent journalist and an ICU nurse, and 17/20 can be found on the Gaza Health Ministry list. 🧵 Image
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Munir Attia Darwish al-Adini (ID#: 800137549, age 40) was a commander in PIJ’s military manufacturing unit. Both he and his wife, prominent Palestinian journalist Wafa Ali Abdrabbo al-Adini (ID#: 801342437, age 38), along with two of their children, were killed in a September 2024 airstrike. This thread has more details:

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Feb 26 9 tweets 6 min read
Today, Palestinian Islamic Jihad announced 20 more commanders killed in Gaza, including journalists, the head of therapeutic nutrition at Nasser Hospital, and other figures. A few highlights below and a summary: 🧵 Image Ayman Suleiman Abu Tayr (ID#: 801367459, age 39), a commander in PIJ’s Central Operations Unit, was also a licensed nurse and the head of Nasser Hospital’s Therapeutic Nutrition Unit. He was killed in a June 2025 airstrike. Image
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Feb 24 11 tweets 9 min read
UPDATING THREAD: Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) has released a sizable list of high-ranking commanders killed during the war, particularly second-in-commands of many key units. Notable IDs, including journalists, doctors, and others below.🧵 Image
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Mahdi Hassan Mohammed al-Mamlouk (ID#: 801389321, 38) was the deputy head of PIJ's central communications unit as well as a broadcast engineer for PIJ's satellite channel, al-Quds al-Youm TV. He was killed in a Nov 2024 airstrike, and is listed by the CPJ and IFJ (though not the Hamas-run GMO) as a journalist.Image
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Feb 24 6 tweets 5 min read
Mohammed Akram Abdullah al-Kafarna (40), head of the Palestinian Nursing Association and nursing supervisor at Kamal al-Adwan Hospital in northern Gaza, was a Hamas militant killed in the Beit Hanoun area in September 2025. 🧵 Image
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al-Kafarna's death was announced in late September 2025 by a major Hamas media Telegram channel, among a set of 13 militants killed the north Gaza neighborhood following heavy IDF operations. His picture appears at 00:34 in the video below. Image

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Feb 19 26 tweets 13 min read
A new Gaza death toll list provided to the Israeli newspaper @haaretz by the Hamas-run Gaza MOH has been released (the 13th iteration), containing 68,820 non-duplicate entries and covering up to November 10, 2025. Very long analysis of data quality, demographics, and unknowns: Image Like all published MOH lists, the November list does not distinguish between civilians and combatants and attributes all listed deaths uniformly to Israeli action. Nor does it include dates of death (no list has) or collection methodology (some earlier iterations did).
Feb 14 5 tweets 3 min read
New posts on popular Gazan militant obituary channels show that the police director of the Kerem Shalom crossing, Bassem Salah Mohammed Ghubn, was a longstanding member of Hamas and a lifelong friend of Alaa al-Hadidi, supply chief in Hamas' manufacturing headquarters. 🧵 Image Ghubn and Hadidi are described as lifelong friends who both joined the "military wing" of Hamas in the Second Intifada, then took on command roles in different parts of the group. Ghubn later became a police colonel and was appointed head of the Kerem Shalom crossing. Image
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Feb 10 4 tweets 2 min read
Major find by @MiddleEastBuka -- identifying Ibrahim Zaanin as the terrorist who murdered Sapir Bilmes (24) and Karin Vernikov (22) outside Kibbutz Alumim on October 7. Zaanin was killed in an airstrike yesterday in Gaza City (details below).
Feb 10 4 tweets 2 min read
An unusually detailed story of a child combatant in Hamas’ al-Qassam Brigades — Yamin Ahmed Fawzi Thabet (17, ID#: 424685626) — killed in November 2024 illustrates Hamas’ major recruitment drive throughout the war, especially for young men and teens.🧵 Image
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Thabet joined the Qassam Brigades in June 2024, soon after turning 17, in response to a major recruitment drive. His roles involved navigation, placing IEDs in houses and on roads, and attacking collaborators. He was killed by artillery fire 5 months after joining Hamas. Image
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