Gabriel Epstein Profile picture
Senior Policy Associate @IsraelPolicy4m. Former Research Assistant @WashInstitute. Graduate @SAISHopkins.
Jul 10 7 tweets 7 min read
Ibrahim Rizq Nimr Arshi (ID#: 802379503, age 35), director of Turkish NGO IHH's nutrition program in Gaza, was a squad leader in the training section of Palestinian Islamic Jihad's central operations unit, Gaza Brigade. Arshi was killed in June 2025 with another PIJ militant. 🧵 Image
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Arshi was identified as IHH's (also known as the Turkish Humanitarian Relief Foundation) nutrition program director in Gaza in interviews for multiple al-Jazeera articles from March-May 2025, as well as by the Lebanese newspaper an-Nahar (which referred to him as a social protection officer with IHH instead) and the Hamas-affiliated Shehab news agency.Image
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Jun 19 9 tweets 10 min read
On June 18, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published notices for 20 of its slain squad-level leaders in Gaza, bringing the total number of commanders and officers identified since February to 497 across 21 releases. This reflects a shift towards announcing lower-tier military figures. 🧵Image
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In general, these squad-level leaders are more difficult to find information on than higher-ranking commanders. In other cases, they do not appear on the Hamas-run Ministry of Health (MOH) death toll registry despite their deaths being well-publicized.
Jun 15 8 tweets 11 min read
On June 13, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published notices for 16 more slain military officers in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 477 across 20 releases. This set focuses primarily on the Khan Younis Brigade and includes an NGO board member. 🧵 Image Mohammed Zayed Hamed Zaqmat (ID#: 921895991, age 53), a board member of the National Development Forum educational and cultural NGO, was a platoon deputy in PIJ’s military judicial unit in the Khan Younis Brigade. Zaqmat was killed in an October 2023 airstrike along with several relatives, including one son, Zayed Mohammed Zayed Zaqmat (ID#: 803879220, age 30), who was a militant.Image
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Jun 12 9 tweets 9 min read
On June 9, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published notices for 19 more slain officers in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 461 across 19 releases. This set includes two journalists, a police officer, and a tribal relations official. 🧵 Image
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Jun 11 4 tweets 3 min read
Jumaa Salah Fares Siam (ID#: 900544701, age 46), part of Palestinian Islamic Jihad's coordination file in the Gaza Brigade, publicly worked as a member of PIJ's Public Relations and Reform Committee--responsible for the tribal file in Gaza. Siam was killed in November 2024.🧵 Image
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Siam worked for the Reform committee dating back to at least 2013, and was also an important member of his own clan. Image
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Jun 10 4 tweets 3 min read
Another Gazan militant/journalist: Helmi Mohammed Helmi al-Faqawi (ID#: 401814496, age 28), who worked for the PIJ-affiliated Palestine Today TV outlet, was a deputy squad/platoon-level leader in PIJ's central military media unit in the Khan Younis Brigade. al-Faqawi, killed in an April 2025 strike, was one of several family members involved with PIJ. 🧵Image

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Jamal Aref Salem al-Faqawi (ID#: 402220396, age 27), a journalist at the PIJ-affiliated Mithaq Media Foundation, was a deputy platoon/squad leader in PIJ's central support and supply unit in the Khan Younis Brigade. Jamal was killed in an October 2023 strike, and was first ID'd by @MiddleEastBuka. Both Helmi and Jamal were claimed by PIJ in the same June 9 media release.Image
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Jun 8 10 tweets 11 min read
On June 6, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published notices for 22 more slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 442 across 18 releases. This includes media, medical, educational, municipal, and sports workers, among others. 🧵 Image
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Jun 6 5 tweets 4 min read
An Israeli airstrike on a tent in Gaza City earlier today killed 7 people, including at least three PIJ commanders: Abdullah Riyad Qaddoum (high-ranking, potentially the Gaza Brigade commander), Farhat Zuheir Harara, and Mohammed Attia Abu Afash. 🧵 Image
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Abdullah Riyad Qaddoum ("Abu Riyad") is memorialized by multiple relatives and friends as a commander and "mujahid", and at least one names him as PIJ's Gaza Brigade commander. Local anti-Hamas outlets also reported that he was a high-ranking commander in PIJ. Image
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Jun 6 4 tweets 3 min read
Mohammed Yousef Ahmed al-Sakani (ID#: 804664639, age 30), a driver and logistics worker for the Palestinian Islamic Jihad-affiliated al-Quds Today TV channel, was a deputy platoon commander in PIJ's central military media unit in the Gaza Brigade. al-Sakani, who is listed by the CPJ on its roster of journalists and media workers killed in Gaza, died in a July 2024 drone strike.Image
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Links: t.me/sarayaps/20527 or t.me/SarayaUnbanned…
cpj.org/data/people/mo…
Jun 3 12 tweets 12 min read
On June 1, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published notices for 22 more slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 420 across 17 releases. This release includes a journalist and medical, NGO, and court workers, among others. 🧵 Image
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Ahmed Salama Hashem Abu Aisha (ID#: 802985226, age 34), an editor and photographer for the PIJ-affiliated Palestine Now news agency, was a platoon commander in PIJ’s Central Intelligence Unit in the Central Brigade. Friends and colleagues described Abu Aisha using coded references to militant status such as “advancing, not retreating” and stating he had died “on the road to Jerusalem [al-Quds]”.

Abu Aisha, who is listed on the Committee to Protect Journalists’ database of journalists and media workers killed in Gaza, was killed in a July 2025 strike. Multiple accounts of the strike indicate that Abu Aisha was sitting in his family’s backyard with his mother, and that she went inside shortly before the strike occurred. That may indicate deliberate patience to limit civilian casualties in the IDF’s targeting of Abu Aisha.Image
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May 26 5 tweets 4 min read
NGOs are in a difficult spot when it comes to vetting local staff in Gaza, especially for people they hired during wartime like Mahmoud Rasras. It's very likely @AneraOrg had no idea Rasras was a PIJ commander. Yet this underscores the challenge for aid actors working in a space controlled by militant groups, which can yield unfortunate results like this picture of the president of an American NGO with his arm around a terrorist. More broadly, it's a reminder of how little we know about the numbers of combatants killed in Gaza and what roles they held in other sectors.Image @AneraOrg has now removed both its June 2025 press release announcing Mahmoud Rasras’ death and a June 2025 blog post mourning him from its website. An archived version of each can be found here:
web.archive.org/web/2025071721…
web.archive.org/web/2026052516… Image
May 25 11 tweets 10 min read
On May 24-25, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published two lists of 31 of their slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 398 across 16 releases. These releases include NGO, educational, and sports workers, as well as former prisoners. 🧵 Image
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May 20 6 tweets 9 min read
On May 20, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published another set of 13 of their slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 367 across 14 releases. This release includes a journalist and a teacher/official in PIJ’s student arm.🧵 Image Ibrahim Jamal Ibrahim al-Sheikh Ali (ID#: 801329251, age 38), a journalist for PIJ-affiliated al-Quds Today TV, was a platoon commander in the central operations unit of PIJ’s Central Brigade. al-Sheikh Ali was killed in a December 2024 strike alongside 4 other al-Quds Today journalists. The IDF released evidence at the time arguing that 4/5 were PIJ militants. al-Sheikh Ali is listed by the CPJ and other media worker death trackers.

While PIJ’s commemoration of al-Sheikh Ali makes it official, there were earlier indications: an image posted by both his wife and a martyr page for him in February 2025 shows al-Sheikh Ali holding a rifle with a clearly visible PIJ sticker.Image
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May 19 8 tweets 9 min read
On May 17, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published another set of 16 of their slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 354 across 13 releases. This release includes a journalist, police, and education sector workers. 🧵 Image Hossam Manal Saadi al-Dabaka (ID#: 400599825, age 29), a journalist for PIJ-affiliated al-Quds Today TV, was a platoon commander in the group’s central military media unit for the Central Brigade. Dabaka, who is listed by the CPJ as a journalist killed on dangerous assignment, was killed in an August 2024 airstrike. This admission by PIJ confirms prior research by @MiddleEastBuka, @GnasherJew, and others.Image
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May 19 8 tweets 7 min read
Mohammed Walid Shreim was not the only militant killed in this October 19, 2024 strike on the UNRWA-run Asmaa school in al-Shati Camp in Gaza City -- of 8 deaths reported by Airwars, available evidence indicates as many as 7 were militants, several of them police officers. 🧵 Image
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Mohammed Walid Shreim, who PIJ identified on May 17 as a platoon commander in the central operations unit of their Gaza Brigade, was a police officer, according to old photos on his personal facebook page. Shreim is not listed on the Hamas-run Gaza Health Ministry death toll list.Image
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May 11 4 tweets 5 min read
On May 11, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published another set of 16 of their slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 323 across 11 releases. Few cases are notable here other than one official from PIJ's student branch. 🧵 Image Thaer Awadallah Sobhi al-Awadiyya (ID#: 802529412, age 34), a commander in PIJ’s central brigade security unit in the Northern Brigade, was also the secretary of PIJ’s student arm, the Islamic Association, in the northern Gaza strip. al-Awadiyya was killed in January 2025. Image
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May 10 10 tweets 9 min read
On May 9, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published another set of 15 of their slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 307. This set of “specialized” commanders includes medical, educational, and NGO workers. 🧵 Image Haitham Mohammed Hamad Hamad (ID#: 803758333, age 31), an operating room technician working at the Indonesian Hospital in northern Gaza, was a platoon commander in PIJ’s Combat Ambulance Unit in the Northern Brigade.
Pictures of Hamad online show him in a Military Medical Services (MMS) doctor’s jacket and working with MMS teams. Some sources describe Hamad as volunteering at multiple hospitals, and one indicates he was working at the Kamal Adwan Hospital, which is run by MMS, when he was killed in a December 2023 airstrike.Image
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May 7 10 tweets 9 min read
On May 6, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published another set of 17 of their slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 292. This set includes journalists, health and education workers, and police and internal security personnel. 🧵 Image PIJ confirmed prior reporting first done by @MiddleEastBuka that Mohammed al-Saeed Ismail Abu Sakhil (ID#: 803231604, age 32), a journalist for the Sawt al-Quds Radio station, was a platoon commander in PIJ’s Financial Administration Unit in the Gaza Brigade. Both Sakhil and his brother (another journalist) were killed in fighting in and near Shifa Hospital in March-April 2024. x.com/GabrielEpstein…Image
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May 6 6 tweets 6 min read
The likely target of an Oct 10, 2023 airstrike in Gaza that killed journalist Salam Khalil Mohammed Mayma (ID#: 802820001, age 32): her husband, PIJ commander Mohammed Abdulnasser Mohammed al-Masri (ID#: 802443788, age 33). 🧵 Image
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Today, PIJ claimed al-Masri as a commander in its Central Coordination Unit in the Northern Brigade. al-Masri was also a teacher at multiple schools, including a stretch at the Adnan al-Alami Secondary School for Boys in al-Shati neighborhood in Gaza City. al-Masri and Mayma reportedly wed in 2015.Image
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May 4 10 tweets 8 min read
On May 2, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published another set of 22 of their slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 275. This set, which focuses largely on those is “specialized” roles, includes health, education, and sports workers.🧵 Image Raed Musa Ramadan al-Banna (ID#: 910736529, age 52), an administrative clerk at Shifa Hospital in Gaza City, was a platoon commander in PIJ’s al-Jadida Battalion in the Gaza Brigade. al-Banna was killed in an October 2023 airstrike, which @MiddleEastBuka identified as the same strike which killed journalist Nazmi al-Nadim. Image
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Apr 27 9 tweets 9 min read
Yesterday (4/26), Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) published another set of 22 of their slain commanders in Gaza, bringing the total identified since February to 253. This addition includes civil defense and healthcare workers in dual roles, as well as lawyers.🧵 Image Ahmed Ismail Ahmed al-Buraim (ID#: 8800154916, age 43), a first lieutenant in Gaza’s Civil Defense, was also a platoon commander in PIJ’s Central Communications Unit in the Central Brigade.
He was killed in a July 2025 airstrike, alongside his son Mohammed Ahmed Ismail al-Buraim (ID#: 429672884, age 15), who appears to have been a child combatant based on videos posted to social media by his mother which show both Ahmed and Mohammed armed and in military uniform.Image
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