𝐂𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚

- Under the Govt of India

- Preserve, propagate and conserve the Indian Culture

- Serve the purpose of conservation of our heritage

- Important tool for Soft power and Soft diplomacy

PC-AIR, DFF, ICCR 𝑳𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕 𝑲𝒂𝒍𝒂 𝑨𝒄𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒚

- 1954

- HQ: New Delhi

- Encouragement and understanding Fine Arts in India

- Organizing a national exhibition of contemporary Indian art

- Regional Centres: Chennai, Lucknow, Kolkata, and Bhubaneshwar

PC-JagranJosh

𝐁𝐡𝐚𝐤𝐭𝐢 𝐌𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭

- Originated in the southern part of the India

- 7-17th cen CE

- Transferred to Northern India by 15th cen. end

- focused on the love between god and devotee

- Two schools of Bhakti – Nirguna school & Saguna School

PC-Indiatoday, eSamskriti 𝑩𝒉𝒂𝒌𝒕𝒊 𝑴𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒉 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒂

𝑨𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒔

- Vaishavait saints- 12 Alwars

- Praise of Vishnu compiled in Divya Prabandha

-Divya Desham – 108 abodes of Vaishnavait deities

- Andal – Only female Alwaar saint – Meera of the south

PC-Bharatmarg

𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐈𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐀

- Martial arts - part of India’s ancient culture and a traditional games

- Traditional form - started in Southern India

- Sense of self-defense and for fitness lots of people are opting for martial arts

PC- Apne desh ko jano 𝑲𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒚𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒖

- Kerala & rest of southern India

- Weapon based type

- Important key – Footwork – Kicks, strikes

- Involves strikes, kicks, grappling, preset forms, weaponry & healing methods, the footwork movement

PC- New Indian Express, pinterest

𝑨𝑹𝑪𝑯𝑰𝑻𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑼𝑹𝑬 𝑰𝑵 𝑴𝑬𝑫𝑰𝑬𝑽𝑨𝑳 𝑰𝑵𝑫𝑰𝑨

Two kinds of structures

A) First - forts, palaces and tombs.
B) Second - temples, mosques, tanks, wells, bazaars.

- Corbelled: roofs, doors - made by placing a horizontal beam

PC - IE, Wikipedia 𝑹𝒂𝒋𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒚𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆

- building of imposing palaces and forts

- Building of hanging balconies and cornices shaped in an arch

- influenced by Mughal architecture

𝐂𝐎𝐈𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐀

- First recorded use of coins in China and Greece in 700BCE

- In India – 6th Cen BCE

- Numismatics – the study of coins and medallions

PC -india-coins.blogpost.com , Amazon 𝑷𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒅 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒔

- Ashtadyayi mentioned about punched coins

- Each unit – Ratti – weighing 0.11gm

- Two classifications – Punched coins
A)issued by Mahajanapadas and
B) issued during the Mauryan Period

𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄

𝐕𝐞𝐝𝐚𝐬

- Signifies knowledge

- Knowledge to conduct

- Poetic language & full of symbols

- Compiled around 1500-1000BCE

- Preach Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam

- 4 Major Vedas: Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Veda

PC -vedicfeed.com 𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐡𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐬

- part of the Hindu Srutis

- Each Veda has Brahmana attached to it

- Collection of texts with commentaries on particular Veda

- Consist of instructions – explains the symbolic significance

- Compiled between 900-700BCE

PC-wikipedia

𝐒𝐢𝐤𝐡𝐢𝐬𝐦, 𝐙𝐨𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐦, 𝐈𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐦, 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲 & 𝐉𝐮𝐝𝐚𝐢𝐬𝐦

𝑺𝒊𝒌𝒉𝒊𝒔𝒎

- Sikh - Punjabi language means disciple

- believe in one God

- Established by Guru Nanak (1469–1539)

PC -Google sites - Guru Hargobind – set a trend of militancy and organized army – First one to grid the two swords as the symbol – Piri-Miri –Combination of Bhakti and Shakti

- Sikhs believe in single spirit.

PC -flickr

𝐉𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐦

- Jainism - in 6th cen. BCE when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion

- 24 great teachers – Tirthankaras ,

- The first Tirthankara was Rishabnatha.

- Last Tirthankara Lord Mahavira

- word ‘Jain’ derived from Jina or Jaina - ‘Conqueror’.

PC- wiipedia 𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧

- Hinduism - become rigid and orthodox

- Varna system

- new agricultural economy in north-eastern India - use of iron tools

𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐃𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐌

- Founded by Gautama Buddha.

- Born as Prince Siddhartha at Lumbini near Kapilavastu (in present Nepal) in 563 BC.

- He was the son of Suddhodhana and Mahamaya.

- Born into the royal family of Shakya - ‘Sakyamuni’.

PC-pixabay - At 29 - left home and rejected his life of riches

- At 35 - Gautama attained enlightenment at Bodhgaya in Bihar

- First sermon – Sarnath – Dharma chakra Pravartana

- Died at the age of 80 in 483 BCE at Kushinagara – Mahaparinirvana

PC -buddhachannel.tv

𝐇𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐈𝐒𝐌

- The biggest religion in India

- Hinduism is the way of life – Sanatana Dharma

- Hindu – Everyone who lived in the geographical area around the river Indus(Sindhu)

PC- Wikipedia, printmyspace - Hinduism borrows its basic principles from Pre-Vedic and Vedic philosophies

- Oldest Veda – Rigveda – hymns about Gods like Indra, Vayu, Agni, etc

- Sama Veda – About music & hymns

- Yajurveda – Sacrificial hymns related to Rig Veda

- Atharva Veda – Medicines

PC-Vedicfeed

𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐒

- 2 major dance form in India are classical and folk dance

- 1st mentioned in Bharatmuni’s Natya Shastra- 200BCE – 200CE

- It describes Dance as the Complete Art encompassing within its scope all other forms of art

PC -maaacademy - Indian classical dances - two basic aspects - Tandava (movement & rhythm symbolic to male) and Lasya (grace, bhava, Abhinaya & rasa symbolic to feminine feature).

The nine rasas are - Love, Heroism, Pathos, Humour, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Wonder and Peace.

𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂

Hindustani Music – Mainly in Northern India
Carnatic Music - Mainly in Southern India

Despite having such a variety of cultural interactions, our music has remained essentially melodic.

PC- Jagranjosh, indianetzone, Rangreet 𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒊 𝑴𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒄

- Kharaharapriya – Sama Veda -7 notes mentioned

- Science of Music – Gandharva Veda

- Bharata’s Natyasastra (200BCE-200CE)

- Sangeet Ratnakara – 264 ragas

PC -wisdomlib.org

𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐔𝐀𝐆𝐄𝐒

Language - a collection of sounds that a group of people understands - communication through speech

A language family: includes languages related through a common ancestor

Dialect: local language spoken in a limited area

PC- Newsclick, NIExp. 𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒂

𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒐-𝑨𝒓𝒚𝒂𝒏 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 :

- branch of the larger Indo European group of languages

- largest language group of India

- around 74% of Indians speak

Group divided into 3 groups

𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐏𝐀𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒

- Primitive rock painting – Bhimbetaka, panchamarhi

- Painted pottery of IVC

-3rd Cen. BCE – Vatsyayana – book kamasutra – mentioned of Shadanga(6) of paintings

PC -bhopal.nic.in ,
-nroer.gov.in Pre-historic Paintings:

Paleolithic period (50000-10000BCE)

- Ochre or geru mixed with lime and water

- Used different minerals to make colours

- Use of white, dark red & green color to depict huge animals (bison, rhino, elephant, rhino etc.)

𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

Two broad orders of temples

- Nagara in the north

- Dravida in the south.

- Vesara style of temples - selective mixing of the Nagara and Dravida orders

PC-pixabay 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔

- Sanctum Sanctorum: Garbha Griha: main deity

- Mandapa: Entrance of the temple Hall- incorporates space for worshippers

- Shikhara- mountain like spire

- Vahana – vehicle of the chief deity

PC-neostencil

𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓

The systems adopted to frame the calendar
-Solar System
-Lunar System
-Luni-solar system

PC -baps.org - Solar Year: Represents time taken by the earth while revolving in its orbit around the sun

- Consists of 365 days, 5hrs, 48min, 46sec, Having 12 months

Lunar Year: Lunar months varies from 29.26-29.80 days, hence gives 354days/year – short of 11 days

- Consists of 12 months

𝐀𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐒𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲

Indian civilization - Strong tradition of science and technology

- Innovations and techniques found by the old Indians have made & fortified the essentials of present-day science

PC-searchoflife, downtoearth, pinterest 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔

- Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Astronomy, Astrology

- Techniques of Algebra and concept of zero originated in India

- Sulva Sutra- written by Baudhayana 6th Cen BCE – earliest book of mathematics

PC -itsmydesh.in

𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐥𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐲

The Schools of Indian Philosophy more precisely Hindu Philosophy are categorized into 𝙊𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙙𝙤𝙭 & 𝙃𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙤𝙭 philosophies.

The difference between both is based on the acceptance of the authority of the Vedas 𝑶𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅𝒐𝒙 𝑺𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒍

- The orthodox school (Aastika school) - believes in the authority of Vedas

6 classical sub-schools (Shada Darshana) are:
- Sankhya
- Yoga
- Nyaya
- Vaisheshik
- Purva Mimansa (Mimansa)
- Uttar Mimansa (Vedanta).

𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐒 𝐕𝐀𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐘 𝐂𝐈𝐕𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐙𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍

- The four great civilizations of the world are Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Chinese Civilization & Indus Valley Civilization (IVC).
- Bronze age civilization spread over modern Afghanistan, Pakistan & India.

PC- NewIndianExpress - IVC was the greatest among the other four civilizations of the world spread over 12,60,000 sq. km area
- Indus Valley Civilization is a collection of all the civilizations that existed along the Indus river and the Ravi river. It was not a single city spread over lacs of miles