The Tarim Mummies are a series of mummies discovered in the Tarim Basin in present-day Xinjiang, China, dating to 1800 BC. to the first centuries BC 2100 and 1700 BC. The people of Tarim, to which the earliest mummies belonged, were agricultural and lived around 2000 BC in what used to be a freshwater environment that has now become desert.

Tarim mummies is located in Continental
Location of Tarim mummies with other modern cultures ca. 2000 BC
Geographic range
Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin
Point
Bronze Age
give
in. 2100 BC - 1 BC
It precedes
Afanasyev culture
Following
Tocharians

The Xiaohe Mummy on display in the Xinjiang Museum is one of the oldest Tarim mummies dating back more than 3,800 years. Another mummy from the same place is "Princess Xiaohe".
A genomic study published in 2021 found that these early mummies (dated to 2135-1623 BC) had a high level of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry (ANE, about 72%), with a smaller admixture of Ancient Northeast Asians ( ANA, about 28%), but no provenance associated with the Western Steppe. They formed a genetically isolated local population that "adopted nearby pastoral and agricultural practices that allowed them to settle and thrive along the shifting river oases of the Taklamakan Desert." These mummified individuals were long suspected to be "proto-Tochorian pastoralists", the ancestors of the Tocharians, but this has now been largely discredited due to their lack of genetic connection to Indo-European migrants, particularly the Afanasyevo or BMAC. cultures

Archaeological record

The Tarim basin with the Taklamakan desert and some of the main sites of the Tarim mummies

Sir Aurel Stein in the Tarim Basin, 1910
In the early 20th century, European explorers such as Sven Gedin, Albert von Le Coq and Sir Aurel Stein reported on their discoveries of desiccated bodies while searching for antiquities in Central Asia. Since then, many other mummies have been found and analyzed, many of which are now on display in museums in Xinjiang. Most of these mummies were found in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin (around the area of Lopnur, Subeshi near Turpan, Lawlan, Kumul) or along the southern edge of the Tarim Basin (Khotan, Niya and Cherchen or Kiemo).

Some of the oldest Tarim mummies, found in Kavrigul (Gumugou) and dated to 2100-1800 BC, belong to the Caucasian physical type, which is most closely related to the Bronze Age population of Southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and the Lower Volga .

Notable mummies are the tall, red-haired "man of Charchan" or "Ur-David" (1000 BC); his son (1000 BC), a 1-year-old child with brown hair sticking out from under a red and blue felt cap, with two stones placed over his eyes; "Mummy of Hami" (c. 1400–800 BC), "red-haired beauty", found in Kyzilchok; and the "Subesha Witches" (4th or 3rd century BCE), who wore 2 ft (0.61 m) black felt conical hats with flat brims. A man with traces of a surgical operation on his stomach was also found in Subesh; the incision is sewn up with horsehair sutures.

The Taklamakan desert is very dry, which greatly helped in the preservation of the mummies.
Many mummies were found in very good condition due to the dryness of the desert and the desiccation of the corpses. The mummies have many of the typical Caucasian physical features (tall, high cheekbones, deep-set eyes), and many have physically intact hair that ranges from fair to red to dark brown, and is usually long, curly, and braided. Their costumes, and especially their fabrics, may indicate a common origin with Indo-European Neolithic clothing techniques or a shared low-level textile technology. The Chärchän man wore a red twill tunic and tartan leggings.

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim_mum… Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland Barber, who has studied the tartan-style fabric, discusses the similarities between it and fragments found in salt mines associated with the Hallstatt culture. Due to the arid conditions and exceptional preservation, tattoos have been found on mummies from several sites around the Tarim Basin, including Qawrighul, Yanghai, Shengjindian, Shanpula (Sampul), Zaghunluq, and Qizilchoqa.

The fabrics found with the mummies have been argued to belong to an early European textile type based on their close resemblance to fragments of textiles found in salt mines in Austria dating to the second millennium BC. Anthropologist Irene Hood, a specialist in early Eurasian textiles, noted that the woven diagonal twill pattern indicates the use of a fairly sophisticated loom, and said the textile is "the easternmost known example of this type of weaving technique".

The cemetery in Yanbulak contained 29 mummies dated 1100-500 BC. e., 21 of which are Asiatic—the oldest Asian mummies found in the Tarim Basin—and eight of them belong to the same Caucasian Caucasian physical type, which was found in Kavrigul.

Genetic research

Caucasian mask from Lop Nur, China, 2000–1000 BC
In 1995, Meir argued that "the earliest mummies in the Tarim Basin were exclusively Caucasian or Caucasian", with East Asian migrants arriving in the eastern parts of the Tarim Basin around 3,000 years ago, and the Uyghur peoples arriving around 842 AD. To trace the origins of these populations, Victor Mayr's team hypothesized that they may have arrived in the region through the Pamir Mountains around 5,000 years ago.

Mair argued that:

The new findings also prompt a re-examination of old Chinese books that describe historical or legendary figures of tall stature, with deep-set blue or green eyes, long noses, thick beards and red or blond hair. Scientists have traditionally scoffed at this evidence, but it now appears that it may be accurate.

In 2007, the Chinese government allowed a National Geographic Society team led by Spencer Wells to examine the mummies' DNA. Wells was able to extract undegraded DNA from the internal tissues. Scientists have recovered enough material to suggest that the Tarim Basin has been continuously inhabited since 2000 BC. to 300 BCE, and preliminary results indicate that the people, rather than a single origin, originated in Europe, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and other yet-to-be-determined regions.

Burial XHM66 from the Xiaohe Cemetery with a boat-shaped coffin and mummified remains dressed in woolen clothing.
A 2008 study by Jilin University found that the Yuansha population is relatively closely related to the modern population of South Central Asia and the Indus Valley, as well as the ancient Chawuhu population.

Between 2009 and 2015, the remains of 92 individuals found in the Xiaohe Tomb were analyzed for Y-DNA and mtDNA markers. Genetic analysis of the mummies revealed that the maternal lineage of the Xiaohe people originated from East Asia and Western Eurasia, while the paternal lineage originated from Western Eurasia.

Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that the maternal lineage of people in Xiaohe included mtDNA haplogroups H, K, U5, U7, U2e, T, and R*, which are now most common in western Eurasia. Haplogroups common in modern populations from East Asia were also found: B5, D and G2a. Haplogroups that are now common among Central Asian and Siberian populations include: C4 and C5. Haplogroups later considered typically South Asian included M5 and M*.

Lee et al. (2018) found that almost all – 11 out of 12 men, or about 92% – belonged to the Y-DNA haplogroup R1a1-M17 (Z93-), which is now most common in northern India and eastern Europe; the rest belonged to the exceptionally rare K* (M9) paragroup from Asia.

The geographic location of this admixture is unknown, although it is likely Southern Siberia.

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