How did X-15 control attitude when flying at high altitudes where aerodynamic control was no longer effective?
Each crew member had its own clamshell and climbed in through the top.
The original photo.
This was the AN/ASD-5 "Black Crow" Direction Finder (Truck Ignition Sensor)
The AN/AQX-5 weapon delivery system of this B-57G Tropic Moon III was modified by Westinghouse to aim the gun.
The X17A turret had four .50-inch heavy machine guns and could rotate along the centerline a full 360 degrees clockwise/conterclockwise at speeds of up to 100 degrees per second.
Same incident.
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High-pressure air is bled from the engine, fed into a plenum tube running along the wing, and blown through slits ahead of the upper surface of the flaps to energize airflow over them and generate additional lift at low speeds.
"During the development of Concorde, one of Aerospatiale's fears was that given the aircraft's high approach speeds, if ever its brakes failed, it would end up in the background at the end of the runway : »
Supposedly, it is a depiction of a German airplane captured in 1916 and having the unusual feature of the gunner/observer being able to depress the machine gun and fire it *through* the fuselage (tunnel is visible in drawing). 
"General William E. Gilmore, head of the Air Corp’s Material Division at Wright Field, demonstrates the latest wonder to take to the sky: two-way communications. He’s perched in the nose of a B-2 Condor of the 96th Bomb Squadron. Photo dated 4-11-30."
Context (from same source) 
Teaser: The first US rocket firing from an aircraft was of such rear-fired rockets. Read on.
Antoinette, in cooperation with the French Army, established a flight school at Camp Châlons in early 1909. The school included the Antoinette Trainer (or Antoinette Barrel).
Paulhan-Tatin Aéro-Torpille No.1 French experimental aircraft during the 3émé Exposition Internationales de Locomotion Aérienne, Grand Palais, Paris (16 Decembre 1911 au 2 Janvier 1912)
Ditto
"Corporal Missile on launcher, 1960 (c)"
