837/ "Dehumanizing language is effective at getting White citizens to be less supportive of national anthem protests, but only when the target of the dehumanization is Black... These effects do not persist when the dehumanized player is White." 838/ "Specifically, in predominantly white and racially mixed areas, black drivers were stopped disproportionately to their representation in the driving population, as estimated through a random sample of not-at-fault drivers in two vehicle crashes."

640/ Finds police killings by race are commensurate with rates of police contact, but here's an... interesting... way to conclude a paper on police violence: 641/ "Police stereotypes of minority citizens, which conflate race and violent criminality, parallel those of the larger society and may be continuously reinforced by selective personal experience and departmental folklore."

520/ "Existing best practices such as hot spot policing are...a crude algorithmic remediation of patrol geographies that facilitate the over-policing of poor and minority communities and expose them to police abuses...a blunt preventive instrument that allows for biased patrols." 521/ "For Black/African American participants... the more FNE [social anxiety] a participant endorsed, the less safe he or she reported feeling in the presence of police." & "That individual, even if innocent of any criminal behavior, may be...prone to exhibit anxious behaviors."

397/ "White Americans tend to believe that the police and the courts are fair... Consequently, White Americans are less likely to endorse protests as helpful or positive, and are quicker to label those engaged in collective action as 'thugs' or 'criminals.'" 398/ "An officer's testimony that he/she feared for his/her life, that he/she was in a high-crime area, that it was late at night, and that he/she thought the suspect had a gun, will often be enough to support the conclusion that the officer acted reasonably."

150/ "The special issue seeks to better understand the range of factors that create and maintain police violence against racial and ethnic minorities and assess the aftermath of this harm. Taken together, these contributions provide ... new recommendations, small and large." 151/ "Self-report surveys have indicated that hostility, violence, and criminality are commonly associated with Black Americans, even by egalitarian-minded White Americans." and "Officers were more likely to incorrectly choose a Black target with more stereotypical features."

117/ "The racial disparity that exists in prison sentencing is, for the most part, already in place at arrest. Therefore, research on the disproportionately high minority representation in prison should focus on understanding arrest practices by law enforcement." 118/ "Fram[ing] excessive force as a problem that derives from rogue police officers ... obscures the structural dimensions of police violence and ignores ... that conscious racial animosity likely accounts for a small percentage of racially-inflicted police conduct."

18/ Repeated unjustified encounters with police "correlates with dimmer views of law enforcement and [may lead to] ... police avoidance, or help-seeking behavior in the context of criminal victimization." 19/ Philadelphia police "may be using a lower bar for reasonable suspicion in their decisions to frisk Black residents... The proportion Black in an area was significantly associated with heightened odds of a person being subjected to an unproductive frisk."

Worth noting that nothing monumental is actually happening in the oil market today. The precipitous drop is in the soon-expiring contract while contracts more than one month out are relatively unchanged. A simple explainer for those freaking out.

Imagine that there is a very active market in tarantulas. You HATE spiders but like money. You think the price of tarantulas is going up so you buy the rights to a pregnant tarantula's offspring, expecting to sell them next month. 1/3