Robert A. Pape Profile picture
UChicago Professor of Political Science directs Chicago Project on Security & Threats, author Bombing To Win and writes substack: The Escalation Trap.
May 15 5 tweets 2 min read
The Beijing summit ended with one brutal reality:

Taiwan is more vulnerable now than before the summit began -- and more than in decades

America’s power is declining since the Iran war — and world leaders are adjusting fast
-- Iran humiliated Trump’s envoys
-- Merz openly spoke of U.S. weakness
-- Now Xi pressing harder on Taiwan

US alliances are fragmenting and rivals are taking full advantageImage For 30 years, the post–Cold War order rested on one assumption:

the United States could ultimately dominate escalation anywhere on earth

The Iran war shattered that belief

Not because Iran defeated America militarily.

Because it survived, gaines power, and exposed limits of US power the world has not seen since Vietnam.
May 7 6 tweets 2 min read
Marco Rubio’s 58-minute White House briefing on Iran was the most revealing statement yet from the Trump administration

Some will argue the briefing was overtaken by Trump’s later pause in Operation Freedom

That misses the point

Rubio revealed the strategic logic now driving the administration — and where escalation pressures could still lead

Here are the 5 most important signalsImage First: The mission is no longer being framed mainly around stopping an Iranian nuclear weapon

Rubio repeatedly described the conflict as defending the global economic order and preventing Iran from establishing a “new normal” in the Strait of Hormuz

That is a much larger objective

“We cannot live in a world where a country can decide, now we own the international shipping lane.”
Apr 26 8 tweets 1 min read
Why do assassination attempts keep happening in the U.S.?

Everyone is asking about motive

That’s the wrong question Image For 5 years, I’ve run national surveys on support for political violence

Latest (Jan 2026):
-- tens of millions of Americans express some openness to using force in politics

This is not fringe
Apr 24 5 tweets 1 min read
“Two blockades, two clocks.”
That’s how Washington is framing the Iran war.
It’s wrong.

A century of evidence shows economic pressure alone almost never forces states to concede on core security issues.

Here’s what everyone is missing: Image The famous claim: sanctions work ~33% of the time.

Reality (after controlling for military force):
<5% success rate
Most “wins” weren’t sanctions at all—they were backed by coups, invasions, or bombing

Sanctions don’t coerce -- They disguise force
Apr 22 5 tweets 1 min read
This isn’t a price spike anymore. It’s shortages

Most analysts are still talking about prices

That’s already outdated

We are entering a much more dangerous phase Image Ten days ago, I warned this was coming.

Now it’s visible:
– Jet fuel shortages in Europe
– Plastics disruptions in South Korea
– Early supply gaps across Asia

This is not isolated-- It’s the start of a global shift
Apr 21 7 tweets 2 min read
The ceasefire isn’t “breaking down"

It’s doing exactly what zero-sum conflicts do:
revealing the next phase of war

What happens in the next 72 hours won’t be random.
It will follow a pattern

Here’s the framework almost no one is using This is not a misunderstanding.

It’s a zero-sum collision of interests:

• Iran cannot both control and not control the Strait of Hormuz
• It cannot both keep and give up nuclear capability

And the U.S. cannot accept either without losing power

That’s why the ceasefire was always temporary
Apr 20 6 tweets 2 min read
This morning on Morning Joe, something subtle but profound happened

For an hour, the discussion wasn’t whether Iran had been weakened

It was about the Strait of Hormuz, negotiations, and what happens now that Iran can’t be ignored

That’s a shift Image The world is beginning to treat Iran not as a problem to be solved—

but as a power to be reckoned with

That’s how new power centers emerge
Apr 17 7 tweets 2 min read
The Israel–Lebanon truce isn’t just a ceasefire.

It’s a signal for the future

For the first time in decades, the United States is actively constraining Israel militarily in the middle of a war

That doesn’t happen without a major shift in powerImage What changed?

The Iran war
And specifically: control over the Strait of Hormuz

That gave Iran something new—
systemic leverage over the global economy
Apr 13 8 tweets 1 min read
I’ve studied 30 years of U.S. wars and economic coercion
After hearing JD Vance explain why talks collapsed, one thing is clear:
This war is now on a path to U.S. ground troops inside IranImage This was never mainly about strikes
It’s about uranium:
• ~1,000 lbs at 60% enrichment
• ~10,000 lbs at lower levels
Enough for 10–16 nuclear weapons
Apr 13 11 tweets 2 min read
Within 10 days, parts of the global economy will start running short of critical goods
After 30 years studying economic sanctions and blockades, I don’t say this lightly:
--Not just higher prices
--Shortages.
Markets are not ready for this Everyone is still talking about oil prices
That’s already outdated
--This is no longer a price shock
--It is the early stage of a system-wide supply shock
Apr 8 5 tweets 1 min read
The Iran ceasefire is being called a “pause.”

It’s not.

It’s a revelation:
The U.S. used overwhelming force—and still could not control the outcome.
That’s a structural shift in power. Over 40 days, the U.S. escalated step by step:
more strikes, more targets, more threats.
Each time, the expectation was compliance.

Each time, the result was more instability.

This is bombing to lose, not bombing to win.
Apr 7 6 tweets 1 min read
A 2-week ceasefire in the Iran war just took effect.
No strikes. No missiles. Hormuz open—with Iranian cooperation.
This is a good day—for 92 million Iranians, the Gulf, the global economy, and Americans.

But don’t mistake pause for resolution. Ceasefires in active escalation cycles fail more often than they hold.
--Israel hasn’t agreed.
-- Forces are still deployed.
-- Capabilities are intact.
This isn’t de-escalation.
It’s a temporary interruption.
Apr 7 6 tweets 1 min read
Why Trump’s Threat to Bomb Iran’s Power Grid Is So Dangerous
This isn’t coercion.
It’s escalation—with predictable failure.Image I spent years working with the U.S. Air Force on strategic bombing theory.

We studied how to destroy electric grids.
Not just tactically—but systematically.

What follows is the part never published—
but determines whether it works or fails.
Apr 6 7 tweets 2 min read
In my new piece in The New York Times today, I argue the Iran war has reached a point Washington still refuses to say out loud:

either the U.S. escalates to a ground war—or Iran emerges as a new center of global power.

Think about—what stops this future?
nytimes.com/2026/04/06/opi… This is not about personalities

It’s a structural problem building since 2002, when Iran’s nuclear program shifted the conflict from political to military

Once large-scale strikes begin, escalation follows a logic of its own
Apr 2 7 tweets 1 min read
Tonight’s speech by Donald Trump was framed as “mission nearly complete.”
But listen carefully — the substance points the other way:
This is not de-escalation. It’s controlled escalation. 1) He claims victory — while extending the war
Says “core objectives” are nearly done
Says the war could continue 2–3 more weeks
Translation:
Victory rhetoric + no clear end date = war continuation
Apr 1 9 tweets 2 min read
Many are asking what Trump might say about NATO tonight.

The real issue isn’t whether the U.S. formally leaves NATO.

It’s this:

NATO is already dead
We are now just writing its obituary Most people misunderstand what NATO actually is

It is not just a political alliance

NATO is an integrated military command structure—where a U.S. general (SACEUR) can direct allied forces in wartime

That only works if allies trust U.S. leadership
Mar 25 5 tweets 1 min read
Iran isn’t just negotiating with the U.S.
It’s choosing which America to negotiate with
And that tells you more about where this war is going than anything Trump has saidImage Weak states don’t fight strong states head-on.
They do something smarter:
They exploit divisions inside them.
That’s how you offset power you can’t match.
Mar 15 5 tweets 2 min read
Three major misunderstandings are distorting the Iran War
These three represent lingering hopes for a quick victory
But hoping Iran will bail us out is not a strategy
This war is entering a long strategic game—and we need to see how it actually works Misunderstanding #1: “The war is mainly about Iran’s military capabilities”
No. The war right now is a race
A race between the rising global price of oil and Iran’s shrinking supply of drones
The U.S. can destroy drones, but fast enough to head off months of $120 p/b oil?
If oil prices rise faster than Iran’s drone arsenal falls, Iran wins the race
That’s Iran’s leverage
Mar 13 6 tweets 1 min read
A hard truth about the Iran war is becoming clear:
The U.S. still has no reliable way to stop Iran’s drone warfare
That operational gap is not just tactical
It’s the mechanism allowing the conflict to spread beyond Iran itself Drones are cheap, scalable, and difficult to intercept.
That allows Iran to expand pressure horizontally — across shipping, energy infrastructure, and regional partners
The conflict spreads without requiring conventional battlefield victories
Mar 10 8 tweets 2 min read
The Iran war is already following a pattern seen in many modern conflicts.

Early military success. Then escalation. Then a widening war no one originally planned.

Across history, the same strategic mechanics keep appearing.

Here are five concepts that explain how wars like this expand. 1. The Escalation Trap

Wars often begin with tactical success.

Targets are destroyed. Leaders killed. Infrastructure damaged.

But the opponent does not concede politically.

Instead of reconsidering strategy, leaders escalate.

The result:

tactical success → strategic failure → expanded war.
Mar 9 7 tweets 2 min read
Iran’s new Supreme Leader may make this war more dangerous than the one he replaces.

History shows that when leaders are killed at the start of conflicts, their successors often escalate to prove authority.

It’s a pattern I call the Harder Successor Problem.

A thread. When an enemy kills a leader, the successor inherits a problem:

They must prove they are strong enough to rule.

Backing down early can look like weakness inside the regime and to rivals watching closely.

So escalation often becomes politically necessary.