This map is inaccurate. It leaves the vatan jagirs (principalities) of the vassal Rajahs (princes) uncoloured, even though they formed part of the Akbar's Empire.

Let's start one by one 🧵:

https://twitter.com/thekaipullai/status/2072019549717942486

The Chhattisgarh region came under Emperor Akbar's suzerainty when Rajah Kalyan Sai submitted to the Emperor.

Similarly, the uncoloured regions of Orissa were subject to the amal of the Subahdar of Orissa.

When James Forbes (1749–1819) visited India, he observed that Hindus would place a small idol in a Muslim monument and slowly and gradually appropriate it.

Today, this is happening in all over India, and one of its victims is:

The so called "Neelkanth Temple" - [1/3] 🧵
So, I was casually browsing monuments of the Malwa Sultanate in its capital, Shadiabad (Mandu), and stumbled upon this monument carrying the caption "Neelkanth Temple."

I was taken aback by this sight. The architecture is clearly Mughal-Muslim.. why a temple? [2/3]

When Harvard & Yale were established, they were little more than primitive seminaries. By those standards, the Indian Muslims had already built far larger institutions.

Ofc, you wouldn't know given how politically suppresed Indo-Muslim history is. But, I will brief you.🧵(1/n)

https://twitter.com/nitinmeshram_/status/2058937337174995180

Maktabs and Madrasahs

During the Sultanate period, there were separate institutions for primary, secondary, and higher education. There was no uniform system, and educational practices varied from place to place.

However, despite these differences, the institutions performed broadly similar functions. Primary education for young boys and girls was imparted in maktabs. These were generally attached to mosques and were often maintained by local communities. Higher education was imparted in the madrasahs.

Therefore, when we speak of madrasahs in the historical context, we are not referring to the modern stereotype of schools where children are only taught Arabic or Qur'anic recitation. Rather, we are referring to institutions of higher learning.

Their syllabus included:

1. Infradi Ta'limi Marakiz (Individual Centres of Education).

2. Majalis-i-Ilmi (Academic Assemblies).

3. Majalis-i-Sufia (Sufi's Assemblies)

4. Tajurbagahan-i-Mutali'ah-i-Ulum (Observatories for the study of Sciences).

5. Dar-ul-Shafa Ya Bimaristan-Barae Ta'lim-i-Tibb (Hospitals for the study of Medicine).

6. Marakiz-i-Ta'lim-i-Takniki wa Zabani Ulum (Centres for Technical and Vocational Education).

7. Zati Mutaliah wa Tahqiq (Personal Study and Research).

Picture: Hauz Khas Madrasah, circa 1296.

Before 1890s, the prosperity and upkeep of the Haramain (Mecca & Medina) and Hejaz largely depended on the Indian Muslims.

Henceforth, the Ottomans referred to the Hajj as mevsim-i Hindî (“the Indian season”).

The largest & most lavish grants & endowments came from Indian Muslim monarchs and aristocrats.

For instance, the Muzaffarids sultanate (just 1 out of 8 or 9 sultanates in India) used to remit 70,000 misqals of gold annually.

This sum equalled the annual revenue of the Republic of Genoa, a third of the net annual revenue of Venice at its peak, and amounted to nearly 3.5% of the total annual revenue of the Ottoman Empire.

(scroll below for sources)

https://x.com/Rustum_0/status/2054274160881238041

https://x.com/i/status/2009836561643536625

This is the Malenadu forest, where Nawab Hyder Ali fled after his crushing defeat by the British at Trinomaly in 1767.🧵

Here, he regrouped, reformed & trained his army, & then descended like a storm, utterly crushing British forces (1768-1769).

Imagine a film set here.

https://twitter.com/Rustum_0/status/2003776291083051298

The huge damages he inflicted upon British in this war earned him a fearsome reputation. His fame spread worldwide.

British magazines of the era mention British mothers scaring their children & London brokers manipulating markets with his name.

https://x.com/i/status/1992945731087589490

While going through an old German account, by Johann Heinrich Seyfried (1640-1715), this mention of Prince Aurangzeb's defeat against Portuguese caught my attention.

It says 40,000 Indo-Muslim forces were defeated by a small body of Europeans.

Common European Fraud — Scroll🧵 Obviously, it is an exaggeration. We know that better trained British were crushed by far fewer men under Siddi Yaqut Khan.

So, we look in other accounts. A French traveller to India, Barthélemy Carré (b. 1632) writes that a handful Europeans defeated 200,000 Indo-Muslim forces.

It is time we break the shackles, bonds, and barriers imposed by the Hindu right nationalists, radicals, and leftists which force us to distort the truth to please them and get the history correct:

Hindus partitioned India.🧵

https://twitter.com/Rustum_0/status/1964997802129498317

The Muslim League rose as a response to rising Hindu nationalism and fears over the future of Indian Muslims.

It never sought a separate nation at first. Even the term ‘Pakistan’ initially meant a chain of provinces within the Indian Union with greater internal autonomy.

We should ask this Republic, how come when the entire world has upgraded, we Indians have degraded? 🧵

Why do our cities, and particularly the same places which looked so exquisite just 80 years back, look like shitholes today?

Allahabad Chowk (old days)

Scroll 📜 (1/4)


This is how the Allahabad Chowk looks today, same place - different era. - 📜 (2/4)

India’s 15% Muslim minority suffers such deep discrimination and underrepresentation in the judiciary and police that law and order itself practically appears weaponised against them.

I am attaching some pages in this thread 🧵

https://twitter.com/LiveLawIndia/status/1962814141107970175

I wish, the Muslims of India could move beyond flawed nationalist or Islamist lenses to objectively analyse, appreciate, and critique the era of British Raj.🧵

#IndependenceEve2025🇮🇳 As an Indian Muslim, I regard the British Raj as the final stronghold of our political influence, sovereignty, and cultural presence. And, this is true.

I refuse to be mislead into adopting the simplistic and flawed narratives of Indian vs. Foreigner or Muslim vs. Kaffir.

A largely unrecognised achievement of the Mughal Empire was its decisive role in ending the millennia-old pattern of cavalry incursions from the Central Asian steppes.

This was accomplished through a fundamental transformation of old Indian military structure, rendering ... 🧵
traditional steppe cavalry tactics ineffective against gunpowder-based infantry & cavalry formations.

Nadir Shah the Iranian's was the only sucessful invasion of India, and it succeeded not through cavalry, but through superior artillery and strategic acumen.

The “Maratha Empire” Maps are Incorrect: 🧵

The Kingdom of Bikaner [60,391 Km²]
The Kingdom of Jaisalmer [41,600 Km²]
The Kingdom of Kutch [45,674 Km²]

None of these paid either tribute or acknowledged Maratha suzerainty.

While the world celebrates the Battle of Ain Jalut (1260), few recall the valiant efforts of Indian Muslims against the Mongols, which single handedly saved Islamic civilization from utter collapse.

Thread 🧵: The Role of Indian Muslims in the Triumph of India over Mongols. A contemporary Persian, Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani (d. 1266) narrates the subjugation Muslims faced since Changiz Khan's 1219 invasion. Following Baghdad's Sack (1258), India emerged as a refuge for Muslims fleeing the Mongols, becoming a leading bastion of Islamic civilization.

The participation of Gangetic-Yamunite Muslims in the War of 1857, led by Gangetic population, which led to dissolution of Colonial British EIC rule and establishment of a liberal joint rule of Princely states [over 52% landmass] and British crown [over 48% landmass].

Thread🧵: Despite constituting only 10.6% of the population, Muslims were overrepresented in the bureaucracy. Even after losing favour post-1857, they were:

District governors: 54% Ms
Sub-district governors: 53% Ms
Judiciary: 56% Ms
Salaried over Rs.150 monthly: 35% Ms

The Khanzadah (Yaduvanshi Muslim) Rajput rulers of Mewat bestowed an exquisite architectural legacy, all of which has regrettably fallen into despair.

THREAD 🧵: The leftover ruins of mediaeval Muslim Rajput architecture.

1) Khanzadah Fateh Jung Ka Gumbad, Alwar.

2) Hill Fort Kesroli, Alwar.

The Reign of Failure: Sambhaji's Disastrous Era.

Under Chhatrapati Sambhaji's rule (1681–1689), the Maratha state crumbled. His leadership brought devastating defeats and left the Maratha empire in chaos.

Thread 🧵:
(1) Battle of Dharampur, june 1681 — Muzaffar Khan & Ranmast Khan defeated marathas near Dharampur pass. Marathas abandon 8000 cattle & captives.

(2) Battle of Punagarh, october 1681 — Ranmast Khan routed marathas & took back most of the booty in their invasion of Punagarh.

Our friend [@TrueIndology] has returned to save his face after being refuted for writing a bogus thread. However, this "face saving" is futile. Let us delve into this issue — 🧵.

The functioning of Sambhal Mosque has been recorded by Anand Ram Mukhlis [Safarnama; 1745 CE].

https://twitter.com/TrueIndology/status/1863831649655328889

If @TrueIndology had given some attention to the thread instead of striving to save his face, he would have noticed the mention of Imperial firman dated 1689 CE confirming the Imāmat of the Mosque of Sambhal.

Here are the full pages which he definitely knew.

An notorious attempt has been made to appropriate an Indo-Islamic monument, the Mosque of Sambhal, based on some ‘assumptions’ against historical sources. Let us analyse — 🧵.

“... It did not even exist until 19th century ...”
— Jama Masjid of Sambhal, sketched in 1789 CE.

https://twitter.com/TrueIndology/status/1861814441051865595

Thomas Daniel (1749-1840) and William Daniel (1769-1837) sketching it on 24 March 1789 CE, means the Mosque was already present in there for years (to say the very least). Why?

The “dome” is not an Indian architectural features and building it required years to build back then.

In this thread [🧵], I will briefly respond to the fallacious allegations hurled against Indian Muslims regarding partition (1947):

The thread will be revolving around one commonly hurled argument - Did Indian Muslim really have a choice to migrate? In the year 1941 CE, the regions which now fall under the Republic of India had a Muslim population estimated around ~42,645,000 out of total ~318,660,580 [Republican boundaries].

Cowardice is an inherent trait of the Kashmiri Muslims and it is nothing new rather historical accounts also attest it.

THREAD 🧵

(1) Tyndale-Biscoe (1863 – 1949) notes down that the word 'Kashmiri' was considered an abuse by any man since it stood for 'coward and rogue'.

https://twitter.com/roflxvalley2x/status/1823779635114729816

(2) Cecil Earle Tyndale-Biscoe (1863 - 1949) also noted that young Kashmiri children would feel immense pride in remaining cowardly.

I am most delighted to share my researches on the relations between Empire of China (Ming Dynasty) and Timurid Emirate.

It seems that the Emperors of China looked upon Timurid Amirs (including Amir Timur) as their subordinate dependents and tributaries. — Thread🧵. Ruy González de Clavijo, the ambassador (1403-05) of Henry III of Castile to the court of Timur mentions a Chinese embassy demanding arrears of tribute from Timur for past 7 years.

This means, Timur (reign 1370-1405) had been a tributary of Chinese emperor for at least 26 years.