Sasha Gusev Profile picture
Statistical geneticist | Associate Prof at @DanaFarber / @harvardmed / @DFCIPopSci | Blogging at https://t.co/4D7UObBNdd
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Jan 20 7 tweets 3 min read
How population stratification makes environments look like genes. A short 🧵: Image Start with two populations undergoing neutral drift but with no frequency differences on the alleles that influence the trait (i.e. no genetically causal population differences). Image
Jan 15 7 tweets 5 min read
This account is a firehose of quantitative racism but it is worth re-iterating that: if a trait like skin color is caused by genes, and society determines outcomes based on skin color, then -- yes -- those outcomes will also be heritable. This is heritability 101! Image The fact that these guys were able to cook up a simulation that "disproved" a hypothesis that any intro genetics student knows is TRUE is a testament to how much nonsense people can get up to on here with a poor grasp of R and ggplot. Image
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Nov 24, 2024 9 tweets 4 min read
I wrote about the National Institutes of Health and the various serious and unserious proposals for NIH reform that have been floating around. It is important to understand how this agency actually functions and point criticism at the right problems. A short 🧵: Image The vast majority of the NIH budget goes towards funding research proposals in some form. I walk through the grant review process but the takeaway is that proposals are evaluated by groups of scientists on importance + rigor and most proposals *do not get funded*. Image
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Nov 2, 2024 11 tweets 5 min read
I wrote about the evidence for selective sweeps from genomic data over the past 50,000 years. A few highlights: Image Accurately detecting loci under selection is complicated by three main factors: neutral drift (which adds noise to allele frequencies), gene flow (which can hide or falsify frequency changes), and background selection (which induces more drift and temporal covariance). Image
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Oct 30, 2024 10 tweets 4 min read
One thing that has been difficult to understand from the election coverage is how Trump's policies are going to impact *me*, a rootless cosmopolitan and an Ivy League professor. Let's take a look: I'm on the right side of this chart, so Trump is going to blow up the deficit to give me a tax cut, while 40% of households get effective tariff hikes. Is this populism? Image
Sep 16, 2024 11 tweets 5 min read
Really interesting new paper from Akbari et al. identifying a lot more selection in ancient DNA than previous approaches. I think it gets at three core challenges for this type of analysis where our understanding is still limited. 🧵 The core idea is to model allele frequency in ancient DNA as a function of time. If frequency has changed more than would be expected from drift and gene flow, that may be evidence of selection. Modeling drift/gene flow is hard, and the authors develop a new mixed model to do it.

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Aug 26, 2024 9 tweets 4 min read
Last week The Atlantic featured an article on the rising popularity of race/IQ science on the right (). The obvious point that "intelligence is not like height" sparked an unusual amount of whinging. I wrote about how this is now more true than ever. 🧵 theatlantic.com/technology/arc…
Image The specific claim in the article was that genetic variants for intelligence "predict only a small fraction of someone’s IQ score", unlike for height. This is true today and it will remain true, because the heritability of IQ is much lower than that of height. Image
May 12, 2024 21 tweets 9 min read
I've written the first part of a chapter on the heritability of IQ scores. Focusing on what IQ is attempting to measure. I highlight multiple paradoxical findings demonstrating IQ is not just "one innate thing".



I'll summarize the key points here. 🧵 gusevlab.org/projects/hsq/#…
Image First, a few reasons to write this. 1) The online IQ discourse is completely deranged. 2) IQists regularly invoke molecular heritability as evidence for classic behavioral genetics findings while ignoring the glaring differences (ex: from books by Ritchie and Haier/Colom/Hunt).
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Apr 30, 2024 15 tweets 6 min read
It pains me to see facile critiques of GWAS on here from our clinical/biostats friends while the many actually good reasons to be critical of GWAS get little attention. So here's a thread on what GWAS does, what critics get wrong, and where GWAS is genuinely still lacking. 🧵: Here’s an example of what I’m talking about from Frank Harrell’s otherwise excellent critique of bad biomarker analysis []. This gets GWAS completely wrong. Genome-wide significance is not about "picking winners" or "ranking" the losers. fharrell.com/post/badb/
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Apr 20, 2024 9 tweets 5 min read
I’ve seen critiques of the poor methodology and cherry-picking in The Bell Curve but I haven’t seen much about the absolutely deranged fever dream of predictions about the coming decades in its closing chapters. It has been 30 years, so let's review. 🧵: Image Low skill labor will become worthless, attempts to increase the minimum wage will backfire. In the not-too-distant future, people with low IQ will be a ”net drag” on society. Image
Mar 29, 2024 13 tweets 4 min read
Unpopular opinion (just look at the QT's) but nearly every "dogmatic, outdated, and misleading" claim about IQ listed here is either objectively accurate or heavily debated dispute within the field itself.

Let's take them one at a time: "IQ tests were necessarily biased"

One way test bias is evaluated within the field is by testing for strong measurement invariance (i.e. that subtest behavior is consistent across groups). This method is almost never applied in the classic literature or applied poorly (MCV).
Mar 1, 2024 16 tweets 6 min read
Some thoughts on the ability to distinguish populations with genetic variation, why that means little for trait differences, and why there are other good reasons to collect diverse data. 🧵 I was pleasantly surprised to see no one mount a strong defense of "biological race" in this thread. Even the people throwing this term around seem to realize it's not supported by data. Instead the conversation shifts to population "distinguishability".

Feb 27, 2024 5 tweets 3 min read
Something I don't want to get lost is that the field is much better now at studying, visualizing, and discussing complex populations than it has ever been, and there are many resources to help do this effectively. A few suggestions below: The NAES report and interactive on using population descriptors [] and Coop on genetic similarity [].

Carlson et al. [] and Lewis et al. [] on accurate presentation of ancestry.nap.nationalacademies.org/resource/26902…
arxiv.org/abs/2207.11595
nature.com/articles/d4158…
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35420968/
Feb 21, 2024 20 tweets 9 min read
I've written about race, genetic ancestry, analyses of large biobanks, and human history



I'll summarize the key points here 🧵: gusevlab.org/projects/hsq/#…
Image Let's define some terms. Race is a social categorization of people into groups, typically based on physical attributes. Genetic ancestry is a quantification of genetic similarity to a reference population. While correlated, they have fundamentally different causes & consequences. Image
Feb 2, 2024 16 tweets 8 min read
I’ve seen quotes from David Reich’s “Who We Are and How We Got Here” passed around with the insinuation that it is secretly supportive of racist and hereditarian theories, even though it directly criticizes such views. It's worth looking at what Reich actually wrote: 🧵 Reich writes at length about Nick Wade's book 'A Troublesome Inheritance', a distillation of the hereditarian position. He makes clear that Wade misleads "naive readers" into a position that has "no merit": that genetic differences correspond to traditional racial stereotypes. Image
Jan 29, 2024 11 tweets 4 min read
So this is pretty typical of the low-information content you get from the genetic racists. The majority of this post is just blather but there is one (1) specific claim about genetics: that the molecular genetic contribution to IQ keeps going up every year. This is false. A 🧵:
Image The first study in 2011 into the heritability of IQ using molecular genetic methods found moderately high estimates 40-51%. But this approach was flawed technically (estimator bounds and population structure) and conceptually (environmental confounding). Image
Jan 29, 2024 8 tweets 4 min read
The racists in Stancil's replies have started appealing to "scientific consensus". So let's look at what the consensus of *high-quality evidence* is on genetic racism. A 🧵: On genetics/race/behavior, over a hundred population geneticists denounced Nick Wade's A Troublesome Inheritance (a sort of genetic racism catechism). Their conclusion: "there is no support from the field of population genetics for Wade’s conjectures"

cehg.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/…
Jan 27, 2024 10 tweets 6 min read
Let me expand on this since I think it's a useful lens through which think about heritability estimates. When we talk about "dominance" we're really talking about genetic effects that deviate from additivity: an effect only kicks in when you have both/neither allele. A 🧵:
Image Most common traits in humans are driven by tens/hundreds of thousands of genetic variants of small effect, so we are interested in dominance heritability i.e. the contribution of *all* of these non-additive effects together, which we can contrast with the additive contribution.
Jan 27, 2024 5 tweets 3 min read
It's the year 2024 and people are still publishing twin studies with massive dominance heritability estimates -- completely implausible and not observed with any other method -- and zero data availability. Why are we still doing this?
Image Limitations: someone looked at environmental assumption violations 24 years ago so we never have to think about it again. Also, we won't even mention AC interactions, and we'll cite Purcell 2002 in a weird way so no one can find it. What do you call this act? Behavioral Genetics!

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Jan 26, 2024 18 tweets 10 min read
I've written up a "crash course" on population genetics parameters useful for thinking about recent selection, heritability, and group differences (as part of a longer write-up on these concepts).



I'll summarize the key points here 🧵: gusevlab.org/projects/hsq/#…
Image A preface: if you're generally interested in population genetics it's better to learn from first principles, and I've linked some useful resources to that end (many free). In particular (spoiler) recent evolution excludes some of the more interesting concepts and personalities. Image
Jan 18, 2024 10 tweets 4 min read
We discussed Duffy et al. [] in journal club. Neat approach integrating multiple sources of human genetic evidence to prioritize potential drug targets. Some thoughts 🧵:nature.com/articles/s4158… The basic idea: approved drugs are enriched for targets with multiple lines of genetic evidence: clinical, rare coding, and common GWAS. Let's put them together. (See also: Sadler, ; Minikel, ; Nelson, ; etc). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37492104/
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26121088/
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