The Imamate and Salvation 🧵

While Patricia Crone (d. 2015) is mostly remembered for the notorious “thought experiment” that was Hagarism which she later moved away from, there is much in her scholarship that has withstood the test of time better, especially her excavation, together with the late Martin Hinds, of the true significance of imāma in early Islam.

One Ḥarf or Seven? A Minority Tradition 🧵

It is astounding to note that all the different schools within Islam accept the “canonical” narrative of the Qur’an being revealed in seven aḥruf or “versions” with the sole exception of a minority tradition preserved by Twelvers ... In a report, the early Medinan scholar and Imam, Muḥammad al-Bāqir (d. 114), is quoted as saying:
“The Qur’an is one and was sent down from the One (i.e. Allah). All differences originate from the transmitters”

Why Fast *6* days after Ramaḍān? 🧵

The rationale behind fasting exactly *6* days after Ramaḍān is taken from the verse: “Whoever comes with one good shall receive tenfold” (6:160). Since 1 good deed has the reward of 10, the reward of fasting for 1 month of Ramaḍān (30 days) will be equivalent to fasting for 10 months (300 days), adding 6 days to this will cover the remaining 2 months (60 days). 360 is the number of days in the traditional Arabic year.

Fasting 6 Days in Shawwāl: A Sunna or Not? 🧵

It is surprising to encounter Mālik b. Anas (d. 179) discouraging the fast of the 6 days in Shawwāl. He is quoted in his Muwaṭṭaʾ as saying that he “had not seen anyone among the people of knowledge and fiqh fasting them” ... In fact, Mālik says that the scholars considered it makrūh, fearing that it would become a bidʿa (innovation) and that the ignorant “would join to Ramaḍān what does not belong to it” if they saw the scholars practising that.

The Last Quarter Moon: An Authentic Sign for Identifying Laylat al-Qadr 🧵

In an authentic Sunni report, the Prophet states that he: “Looked at the moon in the morning after laylat al-qadr and saw that it resembled a bowl split in half” Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ, the well-known annotator of Musnad Aḥmad, grades this report as Ṣaḥīḥ.

A Precious Relic: ʿAlī’s Bloodied Shirt🧵

One of the more fascinating reports found in the Shīʿī corpus is the one in which a companion of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq gets to see the actual bloodied qamīṣ or shirt which ʿAlī was wearing when he was struck down on that fateful night ... The companion in question, Ḥasan al-Ṣayqal, narrates how al-Ṣādiq once asked him: “Do you want me to show you the shirt of ʿAlī in which he was struck and show you his blood?”

Who among the Shia would refuse such an offer?

“Reviewing Hadith against the Qur’an”: A Disputed Principle in Early Islam 🧵

When Shāfiʿī (d. 204) quotes numerous Prophetic reports to support his position in a debate with Shaybānī (d. 179), the latter rejects all of the reports citing a Hadith which has the Prophet state: “Whatever comes to you on my authority then review it against the Qur’an, so if it agrees with it (i.e. the Qur’an) then I said it, and if it opposes it than I never said it”

The Original Adhān🧵

The Kufan Zaydi Hadith master, Sharīf Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Shajarī (d. 445), authored a fascinating work containing 192 reports going back to the Prophet, different companions, and a wide range of authorities among the Āl al-Bayt in an attempt to demonstrate ... ... that the phrase ḥayya ʿalā khayr al-ʿamal was part of the original Adhān.

The Number of Units in the Prophet’s Tahajjud:
A Study of the Sunni and Shia Hadith Corpus 🧵

How many units of voluntary prayer would the Prophet offer by night? The famous narrator Zurāra b. Aʿyan (d. c. 148) quotes al-Bāqir (d. 114) as saying:
The Messenger of Allah would pray 13 units at night whether he was on a journey or not, this included the witr and the 2 units [sunna] of fajr

The Prohibition of Scaleless Fish in the Earliest Written Record of Hadith (The Ṣaḥīfa of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib) 🧵

The only Madhhab to consider scaleless fish ‘prohibited’ is the Twelver Imāmiyya. This is in accordance to what they narrate from their Imams. Consider the following example:
A narrator called Ḥammād b. ʿUthmān (d. 190) asks Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq (d. 148), “What kind of fish can be eaten?” He responds, “That which has scales”

The Consequences of ‘Mild’ Shīʿism: The Case of Wakīʿ b. al-Jarrāḥ 🧵

The Kufan Hadith master, Wakīʿ b. al-Jarrāḥ (d. 197), came to be ranked among the greats in the Sunni canon. Acclaimed for his unmatched piety, prodigious memory, and copious transmission, there was only ... the small matter of his Shīʿism that could have potentially dented his reputation.

The Authenticity of Attributions to the Imams in the Shīʿī Hadith Corpus: A Case Study 🧵

There are thousands of reports attributed to the Imams, mainly al-Bāqir and al-Ṣādiq, in the Shīʿī Hadith corpus, and it is only someone unserious or fatally biased who would deem ... all these to be a product of cross-generational mass fabrication.

The Night of al-Juhanī 🧵

ʿAbdallāh b. Unays al-Juhanī was a companion of the prophet who lived far away in the desert surrounding Medina and could not normally pray behind the prophet in his Masjid ... ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Ṣanʿānī (d. 211) reports via his chain that al-Juhanī came and beseeched the prophet to inform him the exact night of Laylat al-Qadr so that he could make extra effort and not miss the opportunity to worship with him on this most auspicious night of the year.

Which Night is Laylat al-Qadr? 🧵

ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Ṣanʿānī reports in his Muṣannaf from Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq from his father that ʿAlī used to seek Laylat al-Qadr on the 19th, 21st and 23rd of the month of Ramaḍān. This is corroborated in Twelver Shīʿī Hadith sources wherein al-Ṣādiq is quoted as specifying the same three nights as possible candidates.

Mālik b. Anas’s Attitude towards ʿAlī 🧵

We begin by noting that Mālik’s paternal grandfather was especially close to ʿUthmān such that he is said to be one of only four people who managed to procure ʿUthmān’s body which had been abandoned and bury it secretly by night. As for Mālik himself, it is recorded that he deemed ʿAlī’s departure from Medina and his relocation to Kufa in order to fight his opponents a ‘mistake’.

Ibn Jurayj’s Hidden Source on Mutʿa 🧵

When a companion called Ismāʿīl b. al-Faḍl al-Hāshimī asks Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq (d. 148) about Mutʿa (temporary marriage) the latter instructs him to seek out Ibn Jurayj (d. 150) because ‘he has knowledge about it’. Ismāʿīl does seek out Ibn Jurayj and the latter dictates to him a number of Hadith affirming Mutʿa’s permissibility before providing specific rulings on how it is to be performed, for e.g. there is no restriction to the number of partners who can be contracted at the same time.

No Greater Affliction 🧵

A companion by the name of ʿAmr b. Saʿīd b. Hilāl once lamented to Imam al-Ṣādiq, ‘I do not get to meet you for many years at a time so bequeath me something that I can hold on to’ Imam al-Ṣādiq responded:

🔹 A Mosquito’s Wing 🔹

Fuḍayl b. Yasār reports: I visited Imam al-Ṣadiq {a} who was ill with such a severe illness that nothing was left (intact) from his body except his head (i.e. mental faculties). He (i.e. Imam) said, ‘O Fuḍayl, I many a time say that there is nothing (to fear) for a man to whom Allah has made this affair known (i.e. the Wilāya) if he were to be (living all alone) on the summit of a mountain until death comes to him.

🔹 A Description of ʿAlī 🔹

On the blessed anniversary of the birth of the Commander of the Faithful {as}, I present the following description of him given by a great-grandson of his ... A narrator by the name of al-Ḥasan al-Ṣayqal reports that he heard Imam al-Ṣādiq {a} say: