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New datasets and computational tools have fueled rapid progress across many fields, creating immense opportunities for research. BUT, the very advances in data and tools that make the research possible also introduce significant technical challenges.
We leverage a unique & comprehensive database that categorizes discretionary base budget authority for federal science and research accounts, tracing 171 specific federal appropriations accounts across 27 federal agencies in a 40 y span.
Science has long been regarded as essential to policymaking. Its role has become especially vital, as many pressing societal challenges today--from climate change to technological advancement--are intimately linked with the latest scientific progress. 2/

Diffusion processes impact broad aspects of human society. our knowledge is mainly limited to spreading in non-substitutive systems. Yet, many ideas, products and behaviors spread by substitution-to adopt a new one, agents often need to give up an existing one 2/