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🧵Eleven years before Claudette Colvin & Rosa Parks, there was a badass woman named Irene Morgan. She was the first Black woman in to refuse to give up her seat on a bus in 1944. (cont)

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#ProudWokeHistory
#USDemocracy

blackpast.org/african-americ… On July 16, 1944, Morgan purchased a "colored" ticket for a Virginia-bound Greyhound bus from Maryland. She took a seat next to another Black woman on the back of the bus. Within 45 minutes into the trip, a White couple boarded the bus. The driver (cont)

theblacklibrary.org/stories/black-…

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🧵In what was called "The Great Experiment", the all-Black 25th Infantry Regiment Bicycle Corps rode 1,900 miles across the west from Ft. Missoula, MT to St. Louis, MO in 1897. (cont)

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#ProudWokeHistory
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smithsonianmag.com/history/the-bl… They were nicknamed the "Iron Riders", as they were the first and only bicycle military unit in American history. Three White men were also part of the grueling expedition: 2nd Lt. James Moss, the 25th Infantry's commanding officer; Dr. James (cont)

nps.gov/articles/000/t…

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🧵The sexual abuse of Black male slaves is a subject most of you never heard of. "Buck breaking" started from ships and continued on plantations.

The following scenarios are disturbing.
#ResistanceRoots
#ProudWokeHistory
#USDemocracy
samepassage.org/how-african-ma… Slaves would first be stripped naked and whipped in the presence of a crowd, and after that, raped by the slave owners or merchants as a warning to other slaves.

This practice was a tool used by slavers to emasculate Black men and assert dominance(cont)

talkafricana.com/buck-breaking-…

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🧵On Feb. 26, 1931, the INS under the orders of Herbert Hoover deported up to 1.8 million people to Mexico. An investigation in 2004 revealed 60% were U.S. citizens.

True story. (cont)

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#ProudWokeHistory
#USDemocracy

history.com/news/the-bruta… On that day, INS agents and other local agencies descended on La Placita Park in Los Angeles, CA. Entrances were blocked to prevent anyone from leaving.

More than 400 terrified men and women were forced into waiting vans, away from their familes, (cont)

history.com/news/great-dep…

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🧵The Great Depression was a rough time for everyone, but no ethnic group was affected more than Black people.

They were the last hired and first fired. Of course.

It was Jim Crow.

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#ProudWokeHistory
#USDemocracy

history.com/news/last-hire… By 1932, approximately half of Black Americans were out of work. As expected, White people called for Black people to be fired from any jobs as long as there were White people out of work.

This took place everywhere, including Northern cities. (cont)

loc.gov/classroom-mate…

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🧵He was one of the most successful and influential Black men in Mississippi that you never heard of. Vernon Dahmer, a farmer, was murdered by the KKK for his civil rights activism. (cont)

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#ProudWokeHistory
#USDemocracy
blackpast.org/african-americ… Dahmer was a businessman, entrepreneur and NAACP leader who had dedicated his life to voting rights. A devoted husband and father, he was well respected in his community by Blacks and Whites alike. He was one of the key speakers at Hattiesburg (cont)

splcenter.org/vernon-dahmer

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🧵On May 2, 1964, Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore were killed by Mississippi Klansmen who believed the two were part of a plot to arm Black people in the area. Of course, there was no such plot. (cont)

#ResistanceRoots
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#USDemocracy It is likely their whereabouts would have been unknown to this day if not for the massive search for the missing civil rights workers Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner (below). The bodies of Dee & Moore were found on July 12, 1964, the twenty-first day (cont)

zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/miss…

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🧵Slave insurance was one of the earliest forms of industrial risk management, providing an important source of revenue for some of today’s largest multinational insurance companies.(cont)

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wunc.org/race-demograph…
Previously, I touched on how insurance companies used scientific racism to refuse granting policies to free Black Americans, citing that their mortality rate was high. In many instances, free Black people were still doing the same dangerous work they were doing as slaves.(cont)

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🧵In post-slavery America, insurance companies used scientific racism to discriminate against Black people.

True story!

Many of those insurance companies still exist today. (cont)

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#ProudWokeHistory
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daily.jstor.org/how-insurance-… Prudential announced in 1881 that insurance policies held by Black adults would be worth one-third less than the same plans held by White adults. No individual contributed more to the myth of Black degeneracy and decline than Frederick L. Hoffman, (below) chief statistician(cont)

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🧵An integrated hotel during Jim Crow?

No way!😲

Three White men did just that. In 1955, The Moulin Rouge Hotel opened and was the first integrated hotel/casino in the U.S. (cont)

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#ProudWokeWorldHistory
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lasvegasnevada.gov/News/Blog/Deta…
The hotel was the brainchild of developer Will Max Schwartz with the support of investors Alexander Bisno and Louis Rubin. They even brought boxer Joe Louis aboard as a "partner"; however his role was limited to greeting hotel patrons.
The hotel was(cont)
vegas411.com/features-edito…

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🧵 When Black people were not allowed in amusement parks, they built their own.

Joyland Park, the first Black owned and operated amusement park opened to the public in 1923. (cont)

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blackthen.com/joyland-park-f… Established in Chicago, Joyland Park was founded by Chicago attorney Augustus L. Williams, Virgil Williams, editor Robert S. Abbott, and Broad Ax newspaper editor Julius Taylor. It was their way of providing the Black community of Bronzeville a place of their own since (cont)

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🧵He was called "The Believer". Arthur Madison, an attorney, sacrificed his career to help Black people register to vote in Alabama.

He is an unsung hero most never heard of. (cont)

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montgomeryadvertiser.com/in-depth/news/… Madison, who practiced law in New York; saw the need to return to Alabama, the place of his birth to spearhead a voter registration drive. In 1944, he filed a lawsuit against the local Board of Registrars on behalf of family members who wanted to vote. He was arrested (cont)

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🧵They have spread race propaganda under the guise of science since 1937. The Pioneer Group continue to promote false narratives of racial inferiority among non-white groups. (cont)

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splcenter.org/fighting-hate/… In 1937, Wickliffe Draper (below) founded the Pioneer Fund "to advance the scientific study of heredity and human differences."

However, Draper told a geneticist that he "wished to prove simply that Negroes were inferior." (cont)

spartacus-educational.com/JFKdraperW.htm

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🧵This is Celia. She was a young slave who was owned by Robert Newsom; who sexually abused her since the age of 14. At the age of 19, she killed him in self defense and was put on trial in 1855. (cont)

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#USDemocracy Little is know of Celia's background other than she was purchased by Newsome in Audrain County, Missouri at the age of 14. On the way back to his farm in Callaway County, he raped her. He housed her in a cabin similar to the one below; keeping her (cont)

famous-trials.com/celia/180-home

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🧵 She created the gas home heating system that was a precursor to the system many people use today. Her name is Alice H. Parker, a Black woman.

Oh, by the way, that's not her photo.

"Say what?"

We'll get into that a bit later.(cont)
blackpast.org/african-americ… Parker was born in 1895 Morristown, New Jersey. She attended Howard University Academy, located and was granted a certificate with honors in 1910. She designed an indoor heating system using natural gas that she called a heating furnace. Her (cont)

blackdoctor.org/meet-inventor-…

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You probably think that this is just an old photo of little White girl. It's actually a propaganda photo that sparked the abolitionist movement.

This is Mary Mildred Williams; and she's Black. (cont)

#ProudWokeWorldHistory
#ResistanceRoots
#USDemocracy Williams was the second child of Seth Botts and his wife Elizabeth, who were also enslaved. Elizabeth’s father was her white enslaver, Thomas Nelson. When a decades-long court battle resulted in her family's freedom in 1855, the seven-year-old (cont)

face2faceafrica.com/article/how-th…

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🧵In the 18th & 19th centuries, the practice of "resurrection" was commonplace. What's "resurrection"?

It was the practice of stealing Black cadavers for medical studies. (cont)

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face2faceafrica.com/article/how-u-… Black burial grounds were targeted due to being isolated with poor security.

Medical schools used the bodies for dissection. To be clear; the bodies of the Indigenous and other marginalized groups were pilfered as well. The bodies of deceased (cont)

daily.jstor.org/grave-robbing-…

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🧵It was his death that sparked the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march that became known as "Bloody Sunday"; but many of you never heard of him.

His name: Jimmy Lee Jackson. (cont)

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splcenter.org/jimmie-lee-jac…
Jackson, born in Marion, AL in 1938 was inspired to join the civil rights movement when he witnessed his 80 grandfather rudely turned away when attempting to register to vote. He actively participated in civil rights mass meetings, joined boycotts (cont)

themarshallproject.org/2015/02/27/the…

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🧵The man pictured below is plantation owner John S. Williams. In a rare outcome in Jim Crow Georgia, he was put on trial in 1921 and found guilty of the murder of 11 Black men.(cont)

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To get a understanding as to how this all unfolded; we have to go back to the end of slavery and implementation the Black Codes. Freed Blacks were arrested for simply being unemployed & homeless. They were placed in jail and fined; which many could (cont)

law.jrank.org/pages/2818/Joh…

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🧵 Lena Baker was the first and only woman in the State of Georgia sentenced to die by electrocution. She was convicted of murder in 1944 by an all white jury. The trial lasted(cont)

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georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/histo…
one day. Who didn't expect that? This was the Jim Crow south, and of course, no all-white male jury was going to believe a Black maid's argument of self-defense.

Baker was hired by Ernest B. Knight, a local gristmill owner, hired her to care (cont)

face2faceafrica.com/article/im-rea…

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The story of Recy Taylor is proof positive is one of the best examples of judicial inequality in American history. Why?

She was raped by 7 white men on September 3, 1944 in Alabama. They were never held accountable for it. (cont)

biography.com/activists/recy… Taylor and two friends were on their way from church that day, but they were stopped by these men who brandished guns and knives by the men in their car who were following them. One of the men ordered Taylor and her friends to stop walking. When they did not stop, the man (cont)