I'd encourage everyone to read this recent paper and article on COVID-19 for themselves, but I want to highlight one of the biggest conclusions: the Spike Protein alone is enough to cause disease. This has many interesting wider implications.
salk.edu/news-release/t… To research the mechanism behind the disease response, these scientists created "pseudoviruses", essentially a crown of S proteins without the actual virus inside. They also exposed artery lining cells to S proteins alone, and in both cases the tissues were damaged.