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Each had their own sphere of upholding and maintaining islamic ideals, even though the operations of the socio-communal sovereignty depended on the sovereignty of the political-military for security concerns, this did not grant the latter an allowance to interfere in the essential functions of Islam as manifested and discussed by the socio-communal polity (with exceptions occasionally). Imam Shafi'i methodological efforts to secure the development of Islam from the arbitrary influences of the political sovereignty cemented this bi-sovereignty. (el-shamsy)
Introduction -
Secular modernity as a social system is a consequence of the western historical contingencies (genealogy) and is therefore particularly native to western identity and its success - the west can be true to it and thus achieve success through it.

For even the "profane" acts as minimal as clearing any obstruction in the civil pathway or putting a morsel of food in one's wife's mouth were qualified as components of faith and described in the language of religiosity because they were governed by and hence judged by niyyah.
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that's what it entails even if you're just ignorant of that.
from the western end.
- Preface: definition.
it a fair read and engage with it honestly since spanning over 240 pages, its the most ambitious effort i have come across to develop a Muslim-Secularist political theory.
https://twitter.com/salafiyah218/status/1827740788068941926
1. Introduction - Akira Toriyama's Zen-Buddhist & Taoist influences.
https://twitter.com/mujhaycryaraha/status/1815377299640111383of our society. All the problems of our society, whether they be economical, social, political, technological, structural or of meritocracy, structural - all have to do simply with the philosophical domain of ethics and morality and hence require ethical solutions.
Even tho the west would like to believe that modern science is simply a product of the intrinsic genius of the west, this idea couldn't be far from the truth when its scrutinised through historical narratives. 

Not only Al-Tusi but his work was just a continuation of the discourse of muslim scientists like Ibn al-Haytham and Ali Qushji in the issue of solar system models.