UU BPJS, UU TPKS, dll, ini contoh bahwa kebijakan publik yg menjamin hak2 sosial & penghidupan warga itu bukan hadiah dari penggede/penguasa tapi hasil kerja2 & gerakan kolektif dari warga2 itu sendiri, warga2 yg sadar & ikut menyuarakan/terlibat dalam mendorong agenda kebijakan. Mengingat bhw indonesia tdk memiliki representasi politik yg jelas (dari segi ideologi & program kebijakan) antara partai politik dgn warga, maka perubahan kebijakan di indonesia bergantung setidaknya pada 2 elemen: 1) agenda kebijakan yg konkrit; 2) mobilisasi massa/politik.

Before 1965 Indonesia had:
1) The largest democratic communist movement in the world
2) Popular radical trade unions, peasants, and women movements
3) Agrarian reforms
4) Workers co-determination
5) Invented Participatory Action Research methodology
6) Socialist Green Revolution Early efforts at industrialisation failed because no coherent policy besides "give domestic capitalist money and protection and see if its work". The army took over businesses and plantations. The landowning classes & conservatives thwarted the implementation of agrarian reforms.

Interesting, Singapore and Malaysia both used labour market policy —tripartite wage setting and payroll taxes levied on workers in low productivity industries to fund re-training & re-skilling program— as an instrument of industrial policy. @jdcmedlock

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.111… You can simply designate some industries as "low productivity sunset industries" and just slap some payroll taxes on their workers as disincentive. The revenue are then used to fund training and re-skilling programs for workers to shift into high productivity sunrise industries.