This one finds that long duration walking can induce small increases in IL-6 secretion at walking durations that were habitual on a nearly daily basis throughout the course of human evolution. - This study aimed to examine whether IL-6 release occurs during evolutionarily normal physical activity contexts like long distance walking.

This systematic review finds that the literature overall suggests that muscle volume is a major determinant of sprint cycling performance. - This systematic review aimed to discern the relationships between muscle morphology, architecture, and quality with sprint cycling performance.

This one found that, irrespective of intensity, longer duration of physical activity to be associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality, without minimal or maximal threshold adults with type 2 diabetes. - This study performed a prospective cohort study of 19,624 individuals with type 2 diabetes from the UK Biobank with a median follow-up of 6.9 years.

The findings of this one suggest that an altered function of the autonomic nervous system and a compromised capacity for vasodilation in the microvasculature occur early in the development of insulin resistance. - Skeletal muscle consists of type I and II fibers that differ from each other in terms of contractile speed, fatigue resistance, enzymatic capacity, and vascularization.

This one suggests that although successful youth athletes are more likely to become top senior athletes than those who only succeed in their senior careers, only few successful youth athletes retain the ability to perform at the elite level during their senior careers. - This study aimed to quantify the youth-to-senior transition rate, the likelihood of success and the relationship between youth and senior performance amongst world-class athletes competing in middle- and long-distance disciplines.

This one found that skeletal muscle and abdominal visceral, but not subcutaneous, adipose tissue are associated with lower ex vivo measures of skeletal muscle bioenergetics in older adults. - The aim of this study was to examine associations of ectopic adipose tissue with skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics in older adults.

This one suggests that athletes of different running disciplines show differing physiological and locomotor profiles, with sprinters showing higher characteristics in anaerobic or neuromuscular-mechanical markers, whereas middle distance runners exhibit higher aerobic markers. - The aims of this study were to generate and compare physiological and locomotor profiles of adolescent and young adult male and female sprinters, 400-m runners, and middle-distance runners and to evaluate relationships between the different approaches.

The findings of this one support skeletal muscle as being a critical organ for neuroplastic signaling. - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) belongs to the family of neurotrophins and stimulates neuronal growth and differentiation, synaptogenesis, and neural plasticity.

This meta-analysis indicates that intervention duration combined with manipulation of training intensity are the most relevant factors in altering the magnitude of improvements following resistance training. - This meta-analysis is the most comprehensive to date to investigate dose–response relationships of resistance and resistance-dominant training with respect to a range of commonly studied outcome domains in strength and conditioning research.

The findings of this one in rats suggests that while young muscle has the ability to add sarcomeres in response to maximal eccentric training, this stimulus could be not only ineffective, but also detrimental to aged muscle, leading to dysfunctional remodelling. - During aging, muscles atrophy, which is partly accounted for by a loss of sarcomeres in series.

This systematic review and meta-analysis finds that whey protein supplementation, especially when combined with resistance training, can improve measures of sarcopenia in older adults. - Whey protein supplementation was found likely to increase appendicular skeletal muscle mass, the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and gait speed, but not handgrip strength in older patients with sarcopenia.

Shedding doubt to the obesity paradox, here, central adiposity indices such as the waist-to-hip ratio exhibited more consistent associations with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease and mortality compared with the BMI. - The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations of general and central obesity with risk of first cardiometabolic disease, cardiometabolic multimorbidity and death.

This one in mice may suggest that Vitamin D deficiency may be characterized by metabolic inflexibility from a predisposition of skeletal muscle to primarily depend on fatty acids for energy metabolism but also a systemic glucose imbalance due to defective insulin synthesis. - A previous study showed that mice lacking vitamin D receptor exhibit severe glycogen storage disorder in the skeletal muscles, which leads to systemic energy deprivation and severe muscle atrophy.

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This systematic review and meta-analysis finds that regular exercise is likely to reduce measures of adiposity in individuals with overweight or obesity, with aerobic exercise of at least moderate intensity appearing to be the most effective exercise treatment. - This systematic review and network meta-analysis included aimed to investigate the effect of different exercise categories on visceral adipose tissue, weight, total body fat, BMI, waist circumference and subcutaneous adipose tissue in individuals with overweight and obesity.

The findings of this one suggest that even though carbohydrate oxidation during exercise increases with exercise intensity, there is a preference for carbohydrate sparing (and fat oxidation) during recovery from moderate-intensity compared with low-intensity exercise. - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise intensity on the proportion and rate of carbohydrate oxidation and glucoregulatory hormone responses during recovery from exercise.

In this one in Japanese individuals with a mean age of 59 years, a healthy lifestyle was associated with a lower risk for coronary artery disease regardless of Lp(a) levels. - The study ustilized a four-point scale score for lifestyle assessment, which included dietary patterns, exercise habits, smoking status and body weight.

The findings of this one suggest that a longer eating window and late first and last meal timing are associated with cardiometabolic risks in US adults. - This study aimed to characterize the chrononutrition patterns of adults and elderly individuals in the American population and investigate their association with obesity and metabolic disorders that constitute the metabolic syndrome.

In this one, higher ultra-processed food consumption was associated with reduced survival and higher cardiovascular disease mortality rate, independent of diet quality in individuals with type 2 diabetes. - This study aimed to evaluate the association of ultra-processed food intake with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among participants with type 2 diabetes from the Moli-sani Study in Italy (enrollment 2005–2010).

The findings of this one suggest that exercise in the oldest-old is linked with better performance on cognitive measures of processing speed and executive functioning, and that there may be an additive or synergistic effect of combining aerobic exercise with resistance training. - The present study explored the relationship between self-reported engagement in physical exercise and cognition in the oldest-old.

This systematic review and network meta-analysis suggests that a big range of exercise training modalities is likely improve resting blood pressure, particularly isometric exercise. - The role of exercise training as an effective non-pharmacological antihypertensive intervention is generally well-established.

This systematic review finds that overall the literature suggests that daily low-carbohydrate intake is not likely to negatively affect psychological well-being, or that this type of diet is worse than any other in this respect. - This systematic review evaluated the impact of a carbohydrate-restricted or ketogenic diet on psychological outcomes.