Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr’s (d.463H) critique of Ta’wīl and Tafwīd when speaking about the meaning of al-istiwā’:

“From the rights of speech is that it should be taken in its literal sense unless the Ummah agree that a metaphorical meaning is intended. For there is no way to follow what has been revealed to us from our Lord except in this manner. The words of Allah ﷻ should be understood according to their most well-known and apparent meanings unless there is something that necessitates submission to a different interpretation