1) Significant paper on RBC pathology and clotting due to spike protein from David Scheim and co-workers. mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/2… 2) This paper focuses on blood cell clumping vs. the downstream events of clotting, and focuses more closely on the RBC-based primal immune defense behind the RBC aggregation.

1) A 🧵 on my latest review with @dbkell in @SemThrombHemost
where we discuss how microclots and platelet pathology may be useful in clinical investigations:
thieme-connect.com/products/ejour… 2) Fibrinaloid microclots are widely present in all chronic, inflammatory diseases studied to date and ALSO in healthy individuals.

These diseases include Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s rheumatoid arthritis, and infection with SARS-CoV-2 leading to acute or long COVID-19.

1/ 🧵 In our new review: @dbkell and I delve into the complexity of amyloid formation, their implications, and future research. #Amyloid #Microclots #TeamClotsportlandpress.com/biochemj/artic… 2/ 🧵🔴 Fibrinogen can polymerize into anomalous fibrin, forming fibrinaloids - clots/microclots that entrap molecules, stain with amyloid stains, resist fibrinolysis, block microcapillaries, and are implicated in diseases like #LongCOVID. #Fibrinaloids

1)Our story (a long 🧵): The discovery of “microclots”in LongCOVID. Over the years, @dbkell and I have been studying clotting pathology in numerous diseases (as others have too). In earlier studies, we usually added thrombin to plasma to study fibrin nets. (PS): If thrombin is added to soluble fibrinogen (the clotting protein in plasma) it mimics the clotting cascade in the body so that extensive fibrin nets are formed; these nets are broken down again by fibrinolysis. See examples of our experiments: nature.com/articles/s4159…

1/6)Could we provide context to the recent paper:: the authors suggest that the term microclots should rather be 'amyloid fibrin(ogen) particles' and is more appropriate @dbkell and I used the term 'amyloid fibrin(ogen)’ already in 2016.Glad they like it!cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.10… 2/6: Their 2nd key finding: The evidence shows that amyloid fibrin(ogen) particles are found in healthy people and those with other diseases, so they are not unique to post‐COVID‐19 condition. We have been saying (and showing) that all along. See our comparison with Diabetes.

1 of 5) Excited to share our new LongCOVID paper with co-authors @dbkell @PutrinoLab Asad Khan, Ashley Woodcock and Simone Turner. sciencedirect.com/science/articl… 2 of 5) We discuss LongCOVID classifications: Post Acute Covid: 3 to 12 weeks and Chronic Covid: symptoms beyond 12 weeks up to 3 years. We also discuss manifestations of the symptoms and risk factors and predictors.

Practice points: MECFS
The evidence presented in this review resonates with the notion that ME/CFS is characterized by physiological pathology, and not psychosomatic illness. This is a biologically-driven disease characterized by vascular (including haematological) pathology. Assessment of cardiovascular (specifically cardiac functioning) and haematological health are necessary steps in the clinical evaluation of ME/CFS patients.

We are excited to share our latest paper on ME/CFS, with my co-authors @dbkell and my PhD student, @massimo_nunes. @BloodReviews Cardiovascular and haematological pathology in myalgic encephalomyelit... sciencedirect.com/science/articl… Practice points
The evidence presented in this review resonates with the notion that ME/CFS is characterized by physiological pathology, and not psychosomatic illness. This is a biologically-driven disease characterized by vascular (including haematological) pathology.