Why is ADR important in reducing the burden on courts?

How is India promoting global cooperation to strengthen ADR mechanisms? What is the News!

India celebrated it's 76th Republic Day today.

Tableaux of 16 states and Union Territories graced the occasion.

Each tableau highlighted a significant theme , you shouldn't miss as a UPSC aspirant.

Save now for UPSC prelims🧵 Goa's Republic Day Tableau

1. Cultural Identity:
- Emphasized the Diwaja ceremonial procession, where women carry lit earthen lamps (**Diwaj**) symbolizing purity, ancestral ties, and cultural heritage.

2. Traditional Kaavi Art:
- Featured intricate patterns of Kaavi art, a decorative tradition unique to Goa, crafted using the state's reddish-brown laterite soil.

3. Diwaja Festival:
- Portrayed the five-day ritual of fasting, with the ceremonial lamp being offered to the deity, showcasing the deep-rooted traditions of Goan festivals.

4. Fort Aguada and Lighthouse:
- Highlighted the 1864 lighthouse, one of Asia’s oldest, standing within the 17th-century Fort Aguada, representing Goa’s colonial legacy and historical significance.

5. Blending Heritage and Tourism:
- Illustrated Goa as a harmonious blend of culture, history, and tourism, often referred to as the "Pearl of the Orient".

6. Artistic and Natural Touches:
- Designed with elements capturing Goa’s natural beauty, old-world charm, and vibrant artistic traditions, led by local artists Sushant Khedekar, Purnanand Paidarkar, and Sagar Naik Mule.

7. Celebrating Goa’s Spirit:
- Showcased Goa's role as a center of natural beauty, cultural heritage, and traditional arts, reinforcing its unique identity on the national stage.

Land revenue system in British India

A thread🧵 1. Zamindari System (Permanent Settlement)
- Introduced by: Lord Cornwallis in 1793 (primarily in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Varanasi).

- Key Features:
- Land revenue was fixed permanently, irrespective of changes in agricultural output or prices.
- Zamindars (landowners) were recognized as intermediaries responsible for collecting taxes from peasants.
- Zamindars had to pay a fixed amount to the British, failing which their land could be auctioned off.
- Peasants became tenants and were at the mercy of zamindars, who often exploited them with high rents and oppressive practices.

- Impact:
- Increased exploitation of peasants.
- Decline of agriculture due to zamindars’ focus on maximizing revenue.
- Created a class of loyal landowners to the British.

Why are we growing plants in space?

How are they grown? Why Grow Plants in Space?
1. Sustainable Food Source:
- Essential for long-term missions to Mars or the Moon where resupplying isn’t feasible.
- Pre-packaged food degrades over time, losing its nutritional value.

2. Oxygen Production:
- Plants release oxygen through photosynthesis, making spacecraft air more breathable.
- They recycle carbon dioxide and organic waste, supporting a closed-loop life system.

3. Mental Well-Being:
- Caring for plants reduces stress and improves astronauts’ overall mental health.

A very important thread on COP29🧵

Important terminologies simplified for you!

Save for #upscprelims2025 🔖 1. COP (Conference of the Parties)
- Annual UN climate meeting
- Involves 198 countries who signed the UNFCCC
- Members commit to voluntary actions to prevent human-caused climate system damage

In a legal case, the Supreme Court dismissed the use of the 'eggshell skull' rule.

What does this principle entail?
What is the ‘eggshell skull’ principle? The "eggshell skull" rule, also referred to as the "thin skull rule," is a legal principle applied in civil litigation cases, particularly in matters of personal injury or medical negligence.

Recently 6 new sites were added to the Tentative UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites (WHS) from Madhya Pradesh:

1. Gwalior Fort
2. Historical Group of Dhamnar
3. Bhojeshwar Mahadev Temple
4. Rock Art Sites of the Chambal Valley
5. Burhanpur's Khooni Bhandara:
6. Gond Memorial of Ramnagar, Mandla


1. Gwalior Fort:
- Renowned for its formidable walls, it stands atop a hill providing panoramic views of the surrounding city.

- Founded in the 6th century AD by Rajput warrior Suraj Sen, later expanded by various rulers including Maan Singh, Ibrahim Lodi, and Akbar.

- The fort has withstood numerous invasions and reconstructions over the centuries.

- Houses several ancient temples including Teli ka Mandir, Chaturbhuj temple, Sas Bahu temples, and Gurdwara Data Bandi Chhor.

- Notable for its strategic location on basalt rock hills.

Some important Science and technology terms in the news.

A thread🧵 1. GOLDILOCKS ZONE
- Also known as the habitable zone.
- It's the region around a star where conditions allow for liquid water on a planet's surface.
- Not too hot, not too cold - just right for life.
- Location varies based on the star's characteristics.
- Presence of liquid water is crucial for potential life.
- Planets within this zone are studied for habitability.
- Understanding it aids in the search for extraterrestrial life.
- Guides future space exploration missions.

UPSC asks basic conceptual questions from the economy section.

Let's look at the key banking-related terms that you should know for prelims.

A thread🧵 1. Repo Rate:
- The rate at which the central bank (Reserve Bank of India in India) lends money to commercial banks, influencing interest rates and liquidity in the economy.

2. Reverse Repo Rate:
- The rate at which the central bank borrows money from commercial banks, providing a tool to manage money supply.

3. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR):
- The percentage of a bank's total deposits that it must keep as reserves with the central bank, controlling liquidity.

Economics Basics Explained:

Dollarization of an economy

- Dollarization of an economy refers to the process by which a country decides to use a foreign currency, typically the U.S. dollar, as its official medium of exchange and store of value, either alongside or instead of its own national currency.

- This can happen for various reasons and can occur in different degrees.

Here are key aspects of dollarization in an economy: 1. Forms of Dollarization:

- Official Dollarization: The country completely adopts a foreign currency (such as the U.S. dollar) as its official legal tender, replacing its own national currency. Ecuador and El Salvador are examples of countries that have officially adopted the U.S. dollar.

- Unofficial or Partial Dollarization: The use of a foreign currency becomes widespread in the economy, but the national currency may still circulate alongside it. In this case, both currencies are used for transactions.

Some key highlights from the 75th Republic Day important for UPSC prelims:

A thread🧵





- The Republic Day celebrations began with a homage ceremony at the National War Memorial.

- Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid floral tributes to fallen heroes by laying a wreath.

- President Droupadi Murmu and her French counterpart Emanuel Macron arrived on the Kartavya Path in a traditional buggy.

- The traditional buggy made a comeback after 40 years, adding a historical touch to the celebration.

- For the first time ever, the Republic Day parade started with over 100 women artists playing Indian musical instruments.

- The parade commenced with the music of Sankh, Naadswaram, Nagada, etc., played by these women artists.

India has unique and diverse physical features.

Here are some important points about India's physical features. 1. Himalayan Mountain Range:
- The northern boundary of India is marked by the majestic Himalayan mountain range, home to some of the world's highest peaks, including Mount Everest.

Quoting real-life examples, and case studies can fetch you some additional points in the Ethics paper.

We have compiled a list of real-life examples of some amazing civil servants which you can quote in your answers. 1. Satyendra Dubey: Satyendra Dubey, an IAS officer, exposed corruption in the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) projects. Unfortunately, he was tragically murdered in 2003, but his courage and commitment to fighting corruption inspired a nationwide debate on whistleblower protection and the need for administrative reforms.

2. Armstrong Pame: IAS officer Armstrong Pame from Manipur is known for spearheading the construction of a road a 100 km road connecting Manipur to Nagaland and Assam in a remote and underdeveloped area of the Manipur hills, without any assistance from the government.

His initiative, called the "People's Road," mobilized the community to contribute labour and resources, showcasing the power of community participation in infrastructure development.

Biotechnology is a simple yet important topic in GS - 3.

Read this thread to cover this topic in detail. Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the use of biological systems, organisms, or derivatives to develop or create new technologies and products for various applications.

Economics basics explained:

Let's understand the Incremental capital-output ratio

Make sure you like, repost and bookmark this for the future. The Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR) is an economic metric that measures the amount of investment required to generate an additional unit of output or economic activity. It is used to assess the efficiency of capital investment in an economy.

India announced its target to achieve net zero by 2070 at the COP 26 held in November 2021.

The updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) aims for about 50% of cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.

The government has taken a lot of steps to meet the NDCs.
We have summarised all of those in this thread. 🔸Launch of the National Green Hydrogen Mission to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production.

🔸Implementation of various schemes, including Production Linked Incentive Scheme, PM-KUSUM, Solar Rooftop Phase II, and 12000 MW CPSU Scheme Phase II.

🔸Establishment of Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Parks and the Green Energy Corridor Scheme for large-scale RE projects.

🔸Waiver of Inter State Transmission System (ISTS) charges for inter-state sale of solar and wind power.

🔸Notification of prescribed trajectory for RE power bids and Standard Bidding Guidelines.

The government has launched various export promotion initiatives.

Let's quickly revise them in this thread.

Make sure you like, repost and bookmark this for the future. 1. New Foreign Trade Policy (FTP):
- Launched on March 31, 2023, effective from April 1, 2023.

2. Interest Equalization Scheme:
- Extended until June 30, 2024, with an additional allocation of Rs. 2500 crores for pre and post-shipment rupee export credit.

“Indian Space Economy expected to grow from around $8.4 billion to $44 billion Indian by 2033”

The number of Space Start-Ups has increased from just 1 in 2014 to 189 in 2023 as per DPIIT Start-Up India Portal.

Here's everything you need to know about Indian space economy: 1. Space Start-Up Growth:
- From 1 in 2014 to 189 in 2023, according to DPIIT Start-Up India Portal.

2. Investment Increase:
- Indian Space Start-Up investment rose to $124.7 million in 2023.

Caves in India are an important ancient history topic.

Let's quickly revise all the important caves mentioned in history NCERT :

Make sure you like, repost and bookmark this thread 1- Barabar Caves
The Barabar Caves are a group of four ancient rock-cut caves located in the Barabar Hills of the Jehanabad district, Bihar, India.

Let's quickly revise important terms related to climate change in a single thread.

Like, repost and bookmark this thread for the future. 1- Carbon footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by an individual, organization, or product.