The original architects of American global power did something very clever that no other empire had ever done before: they deliberately hid the instruments of their power.

Specifically, they institutionalized the hard power of the post-WW2 American military into a "rules-based international order" and the organizations needed to run it.

These include the UN, IMF, World Bank, NATO, and numerous philanthropic NGOs like (as has been in the news recently) USAID.

The reason they did this is because repeated use of hard military power is fragile and self-defeating: it engenders resentment and breeds defiance. The British learned this and used prototypical methods of institutionalization in the declining years of their empire, but their American successors perfected it.

(If you don't understand how this works, I will link a post in the replies explaining how one example works - NATO)

The more sophisticated rivals of the US obviously know what's up, so they try to oppose or circumvent these institutions, but obviously the institutions are backed by hard power in the end. It sounds fair enough to say "if you don't abide by the 'rules,' we will invade you." It works well enough because it it sounds more fair to say that than "if you don't do what we tell you, we will invade you." Rival governments aren't fooled, but a lot of their ordinary citizens are, and combined with media dominance and control of the reserve currency (economic dominance), it's enough to keep everyone in line.

An unanticipated problem seems to have arisen:

It turns out that if you hide the levers of power, your own successors may have trouble understanding them. Especially if you failed to educate them, or let various cultural forces undermine the indoctrination of your elites.

With that happening, once the new generation of elites gains power, they don't recognize that the complicated weird control panel you built that doesn't seem to do anything but costs $10 billion a year to maintain is actually how you're controlling everything around the world and they take it down to save money. All because you did too good a job hiding the levers of power.

Soft power isn't "soft." It's real power. It's just soft because it's hidden.

I don't know how to solve this problem because I think hidden levers of power are definitely better, but you have to train a priesthood generation after generation to understand them, and that kind of thing corrupts itself too. Open power is much more honest, but no one likes it and it's hard to hold on to. Here is a reply I wrote in response to the question "What does the United States get out of being in NATO? How does MY COUNTRY benefit from protecting these anti-freedom European freeloaders?"

https://x.com/yishan/status/1855239644147073064

I feel like there is an ancient desire common to all peoples, stretching back through history. Our ancestors knew the fundamental value of water megaprojects: land otherwise dry, but made fertile by applying patient labor, putting into place crucial water-moving infrastructure.

https://twitter.com/EcoTopicalNews/status/1559250841390829568

If you think about what real wealth is, like if economies collapsed and money had no meaning: it's the ability to make food.

Food is made from land, water, and sunlight. There's plenty of land, and sunlight all around. It's always a question of water.

grist.org/agriculture/dr…

Moral hazard or not, I now feel the climate situation is bad enough that we should begin scalability work for stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) immediately.

This is not the same conclusion I would have had even two years ago, but the increase in ocean temperature and extreme climate events indicates a trend that will rapidly get worse unless we are able to take global-scale action within the next 1-5 years, and SAI is the only feasible one.

For those whose initial reaction is opposed, there are a few key things you should be aware of:

- One common fear is that this will be bad for crop yields. I thought this too, but the existing data from volcanic eruptions (which have similar effect) indicated a neutral to positive (!) productivity effect on crops.

- This is not "polluting the air with sulphur." The amount of SO2 needed to significantly induce cooling is on the order of 1% of the SO2 pollution we currently emit, and we would be injecting it into the upper atmosphere. Existing SO2 pollution occurs much lower down, so moving it much higher would likely be better, in terms of health/pollution effects.

- The cessation of sulphur emissions from ships since the 2020 ban on those fuels has given us strong evidence that the prior SO2 emitted by those ships had an (unintended) anti-warming effect on the Atlantic shipping lanes, which is now warming rapidly. While it was also unhealthy pollution, it gives us strong real-world data that this would work at large scale, and we can do it without the harmful pollution side effects by injecting it in the higher atmosphere.

At this point I believe the facts now this conclusion should be relatively uncontroversial if one is practical about looking for solutions.

I am the "tree guy" and in 2020 I would not have supported this, as I felt the world could move quickly to a large-scale reforestation and land restoration effort to make significant progress by 2030. But pandemic, wars, and recession have prevented this (along with good ol' inertia), and warming has accelerated.

Would successful implementation of SAI reduce incentive to move away from fossil fuels? It is a very real risk, yes. In fact, I personally think it is likely.

But the hard brutal reality is that the heating trends right now are very dire, and immediate action to reduce the heating are necessary.

We must begin scaling SAI immediately precisely so that things like reforestation and other carbon capture solutions have time for implementation, which in turn buys time for decarbonization of our economies. If you want to support this, @MakeSunsets seems to have highest ROI and most scalable method of doing this. You can donate to them or utilize their DIY guide, as SAI can be done in a decentralized way.

Most of the copy on their website talks about it as “cooling power equivalent to trees” which is really scientifically awful if you are STEM-literate, but I talked to them and they do it because (as measured in donation effectiveness), it drives the most action.

They have done the science properly under the hood, so it is just part of the unfortunate reality of climate where you need to speak differently to audiences with different levels of sophistication. One of the things I like about them is that they have very good telemetry and measurement so they can report accurately on what they’re doing.

The advantage of using high-altitude balloons is that they are cheap and scalable to produce, rather than needing to design-build expensive new aircraft to deploy it, which was how SAI was originally conceived.

Conspiracy theorists who keep saying there’s “no way” the hurricane could have intensified so much without some human cause are so close to getting it. I mean, literally there was a decades-long conspiracy and people have been trying to tell you about it

theguardian.com/environment/20…

There's this hypothetical climate scenario where a summer heat wave hits a city, temp is high enough that:
- internal combustion engines don't work
- HVAC is overloaded and also breaks
- because people can't leave or be cooled, thousands or millions die in the span of a week

Given the non-linear rise in high temp records, I actually think it is within the realm of possibility that this occurs as soon as NEXT SUMMER. I hate to bring it up because it's going to sound like fear-mongering, but I promise it's not.

I've always thought of "deadly-too-hot" scenarios as being vaguely further in the future, but in looking at trends and what we've seen this summer, it may be closer than we imagine.

Fine, I did what I suggested and looked up the SEC docs because, you know, some parts of the government still kinda work.

(often these days it's the part that goes and fucks up private business, but sometimes I guess a private business needs someone to do that)

Onward...

https://twitter.com/yishan/status/1816614617487143087

Here is the administrative proceeding from the SEC. I recall much of this personally in the news at the time. If we steelman PG/YC side's comments, maybe the news narrative was controlled by Sacks, but official docs from the SEC are another thing:

sec.gov/files/litigati…

Big Tech has announced an Advance Market Commitment to buy 20M tons of nature-based removal credits.

This is good news, but it will only work if they also fix key broken elements of the buying market:



(1/n)

https://twitter.com/EsgToday/status/1793282398890741836

1: Pay more - as much as $46/ton.

Forward carbon sale prices for nature-based removals need to be higher, or the economics just don’t work for organizations doing the work.

Right now the forward carbon price is around $6-8/ton, with spot market prices around $12-18/ton.

Sites like Quora, Reddit, etc that are built on user-generated content will need to adopt radically different content moderation policies in the age of AI, but not in the way that most people think!

(1/n) Most people think the main challenge will be bots. With AI, bad actors using bots will be more difficult to detect.

This is true, but that’s thinking like “horseless carriage” - it misses the real shift.

A week ago, I posted a thread about trying Lumina, the probiotic dental caries treatment from Lantern Bioworks. It got way, way more visibility than I expected (good), but given the popularity of the thread, I felt it would be responsible to address a number of concerns, objections, and skepticisms it uncovered.

Instead of doing this in the marketing-friendly bite-sized tweet storm format, I will do this in a more long-form format, which is more conducive to nuance and detail:

1. Disclosure: I am an investor in Lantern Bioworks!

(I am sorry it didn't occur to me to bring this up right at the beginning but the thread started out as a "look at this crazy thing I am doing" and then ended up later sounding promotional, if you can call it that)

Anyhow, yes I am an investor!

However, it doesn’t work exactly the way you think. The cached-thought reflex most people have is “investor = wants to get rich, shills for company; don’t believe what he says!”

First, my investment is something like 0.05% of the company [details elided here about SAFEs, caps, etc]. Similarly, the equity I hold in Lantern is also a tiny portion of my net worth.

Second, I invested in LB because I knew about this dental caries cure 10-15 years ago. If you’ve been paying attention, the basic research had been done in the 80s and 90s, and in the early 2000s, the inventor was attempting to get it approved by the FDA as a medically-approved treatment, and it was under patent.

At the time I found out about it (mid-2000s), that was the status quo: a cure (technically: preventative vaccine) for caries existed, but it was under patent. So all we [normal people] could do was wait, and hope it came to market.

It never came to market. For various reasons (more on this later), it wasn’t able to even start to get FDA approval, and the company is basically defunct.

My overriding priority, therefore, is to help get this out to humanity. If you’ve read Cremieux’s piece [] on the history of dental caries, it is global problem that has plagued us since the dawn of history, and if we could eliminate (or even greatly reduce it), it would result in a profound improvement in the human condition.

Hence, when I found that a company was working on it, I was intrigued. It turns out that yes, many other people were willing to experiment with this, but the company needed a bit of capital to ramp up production. The amount of money needed was an amount that I felt I - in addition to more investors within my network that I thought I could bring to the table - could provide.

In fact, I invested ONLY because the company decided to pursue what I consider the LESS profitable route of distribution:

When I first learned about Lantern (Sep 2023), they were mulling over their go-to-market plans. At the time, they had concluded that:

- Just making and distributing the cure would not be particularly profitable, as it was a one-time treatment and if successful, that’d be the end of things. And, being as it was out of patent, other companies could clone/pirate the same treatment and just copy them.

- The more profitable thing would be to slightly tweak the bacteria in a trivial way so that it would be patentable, get a patent, then sell it to Pfizer, have Pfizer drag it through the FDA approval process. It was anticipated that this process could take 2-10 years to before it would get the bacteria into peoples’ mouths. At the time, Lantern seemed to slightly prefer this plan.

I did not like this plan. My feeling about this cure is that it is game-chantingly important for mankind, and not something to be subject to our monstrously dysfunctional public-private FDA-Big-Pharma late-stage-capitalist regulatory-capture system. So I didn’t invest.

(There was another third plan, which was to pursue approval in other, faster countries, with the caveat that the FDA holds a grudge against you if do that, so it was sort of a worst-of-both-worlds plan)

Months later in ~Feb 2024, Cremieux posted about having gotten the treatment himself at Prospera, and answered a message from me with an offer to introduce me to Lantern’s founder, Aaron.

By then, Lantern had apparently decided not to deal with creating a tweaked strain, patenting, and dealing with Pfizer, and were intending to just make and distribute it as a cosmetic (probiotic supplement), which doesn’t require FDA approval, and presumably make a healthy return selling a one-time treatment to all of mankind, which is still 8 billion people.

The idea is that they were selling it for $20,000 per treatment at Prospera to rich guys like Cremieux, then it came down to $5k, and now they’re taking pre-orders for $250 each, putting it in the budget of well-off biohackers and other early adopters. They’ll drive the price down at each stage, and eventually the last billion doses will probably be sub-$1 production cost distributed by NGOs in developing countries.

But in order to make the jump from bespoke lab bench treatments at $5k each to producing 1000 units/month at $250 each, they needed to scale up a small production facility, and that’s why I invested - to help them make this next step.

I should mention that even if this investment does well, I won’t actually personally make money from this. I invested through a charitable donor-advised fund that I contributed to, and any returns on the investment will just go back into the charitable fund, to be deployed into other similar investments. I can’t actually claim any of the returns.

My role as an investor (and indirectly, apparently as a marketer) is to accelerate the production and deployment of this as a cure to as many people who want it as possible. I am not doing this for the money. I am doing it because I’m hoping to remove hurdles (financial or otherwise) for something that I think will be beneficial to mankind - after 20+ years of development hell - to finally see the light of day.

Next: FDA approval - no?cremieux.xyz/p/46ebd66b-8a6… 2. It's not approved by the FDA?

The short answer here is that FDA approval is extremely difficult to get for reasons unrelated to the efficacy and safety of the proposed intervention, and not because the intervention is necessarily unsafe or ineffective.

While there are many unapproved therapies that ARE unsafe or ineffective, this does not mean that when something is not FDA approved that it is necessarily unsafe or ineffective.

This is an important distinction to make in our day and age, when the FDA is in that awkward slow-collapse state of being not completely useless while largely failing to live up to its intended function. (Friends at the FDA: it’s not your fault - you’re trapped in a huge dysfunctional system you cannot really control)

Some history:

The company originally founded by Dr. Hillman (the researcher who discovered the cure) was called Oragenics. Back in 2003, after the treatment had passed animal trials, Pfizer actually tried to purchase SMaRT (as the treatment was called back then) from Oragenics for $64 million but Oragenics refused, choosing instead to try and carry it through the FDA themselves.

But the FDA required them to find a cohort of 300 healthy 18-30 year olds who lived alone, not near a school zone, and had fully removable teeth. Let me repeat that: they wanted Oragenics to find 300 young people with dentures.

That is basically IMPOSSIBLE, so Oragenics failed even before they started. The company floundered about for a bit, the patent expired, and then a couple years ago Lantern Bioworks bought all the IP.

Lantern itself seriously considered tweaking the formula slightly to qualify for patent protection and to sell it to Pfizer, and rely on Pfizer’s corporate muscle to drag it through the FDA testing and approval process, and hope that 2-10 years from now it might hit the market.

I WOULD NOT HAVE INVESTED IF THEY WERE DOING THAT.

In fact, as I chatted with other prospective investors, more than one of them asked whether the product was going through the FDA approval process and responded POSITIVELY when I answered that they were not. Apparently the FDA process these days is so onerous and cumbersome and sufficiently removed from the questions of safety and efficacy that they are considered something that makes a company uninvestable to many.

(This is not to say that the FDA approval and testing process has no value - it certainly yields some useful data on safety and efficacy - it is just that it also imposes disproportionate time and energy cost whose risk often does not match upside outcomes. The questionable results (on both sides) of potential treatments during the pandemic are a clear symptom of this)

Finally, the fact that a company capable of enduring the FDA process would never do it unless they owned a monopoly patent on the treatment was unacceptable to me. Because the bacteria is in the public domain, no drug company wants to try to carry it through the FDA - doing so would just mean that anyone could then sell the drug that they just spent half a billion dollars to get approved.

Remember, this is not some new fly-by-night GMO tech. The research was done, tested, and peer-reviewed over 20 years ago. In looking back at the supporting research that fed into it, I found that Dr. Hillman had published foundational papers as far back as 1978, before I was even born, characterizing effector strains that had the potential to create a therapy for dental caries.

Published in 1978:

So here’s where we stand:

- Pfizer (who are no fools) already offered to purchase this for $64 million in 2003 based on the positive results of animal trials. Adjusting for inflation, this is maybe ~$110m now
- No drug company CAN drag this through an FDA approval process, and the reasons for that have little to do with efficacy and safety.
- The only “maybe” way to do so is to patent a tweaked formula, but that still means of a delay of up to a decade and the same potential market danger of a generic competitor simply selling the original formula, with the FDA-approved formula now under the monopoly ownership of a Big Pharma company.

This treatment, if it works, is worth about $45B a year in saved dental work in America alone, plus the lives of hundreds of people who die annually from tooth infections and dental anesthesia mishaps. It’s a civilizational embarrassment that this drug is held back by red tape.

What I think is the best way forward:

Because it’s relatively certain that the treatment is safe (and I’ll address a couple safety questions that came up later in this post too - but probably the best argument is that Pfizer offered $64m for it), the best thing to do seems to be:

1. Move forward with manufacturing and distributing this as a probiotic supplement
2. Once a critical mass of biohackers and early adopters take this treatment, other third-party research can get involved

Rather than being done under the auspices of a drug company (which would even have an economic motive to see certain results), independent labs can do research on cohorts of people who apply the treatment vs not, and we’ll get much better, larger datasets of results. Labs do this all the time - answering a question like “are people who eat muffins happier in the morning” doesn’t require muffins to be a patented new intervention - you can just do the research because you are curious: and many people will be.

If you’re not an early-adopting biohacker, you should favor this approach. You should want this product out there, and your risk-taking friends to be trying it (or if you are really afraid, then your risk-taking enemies), so that a critical mass of test subjects can be recruited for some nice large-population-set data. Then subsequent potential users with a different risk profile can make their decision after more data is available.

Next... genetically stable what?ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

I’m about to do the Lumina treatment, a cure for dental cavities developed by Lantern Bioworks.

I figured I’d do an unboxing and let you come with me on this journey. Here’s the box: It’s a one-time at-home treatment, which replaces the bacteria in your mouth with a slightly different bacteria - one that doesn’t secrete the acid that attacks tooth enamel and causes cavities.

What if the world’s forests had a system to detect wildfires almost instantly as soon as they started, even before the fire was visible?

Such a system is possible, and it’s low-cost and highly-scalable. Here’s more… Carsten Brinkschulte is CEO of Dryad. They make simple IOT devices to detect smoke from wildfires while the fires are small, passing the info along inexpensive mesh networks to a monitoring station, so that firefighters can respond within minutes.

terraformation.com/blog/how-the-i…

Google’s Gemini issue is not really about woke/DEI, and everyone who is obsessing over it has failed to notice the much, MUCH bigger problem that it represents.

(1/n) First, to recap: Google injected special instructions into Gemini so that when it was asked to draw pictures, it would draw people with “diverse” (non-white) racial backgrounds.

I am probably one of a small number of people who have had the chance to work directly with both @AdamDAngelo and @Sama and get to know them.

Here’s what you need to know about these two guys: First, I worked with Adam as an engineer and then director of engineering while he was CTO at Facebook, and then later I did consulting work for Quora.

Our society today is basically just about yelling incoherently about things without regard for facts instead of doing anything real…

… which is exactly what you’d expect from a gerontocracy, right? What if the problem is not political polarization or lack of education or wokeness or fascism or any of those things but merely that our society is a reflection of the fact that our senior leaders are really old people?

Really old people don’t DO things, they just complain.

@k5sbnzxgbg @acc_exponential All right, buckle up, here we go…

Hereʻs what it takes to terraform the Australian rangelands:

Give me $2.03 trillion in financing, waive all environmental permitting, suspend immigration and import restrictions, and Iʻll do it for you in 25 years.

(1/n) @k5sbnzxgbg @acc_exponential Wait, waive environmental permitting? Are you saying youʻll destroy the environment?

Every science and tech person who is currently on the bandwagon calling for the vaccine doctor to go on Joe Rogan to debate RFK should be ashamed of themselves.

If you care about the truth or science, that is the WORST possible thing you could be advocating for.

(thread) The argument goes something like this:

“If you[the vax doctor]’re so sure that your position is right, you ought to be willing to go and defend it [on any podcast, like this one], otherwise your claims have no credibility.”

Yo, it's not the vaccines causing your autism, it's the glyphosate (RoundUp) used on all our crops, especially wheat: Full PDF can be downloaded here:
mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/4…

If you want to know the next big thing in "real atoms" investment macro-trends, I'll tell you right now.

(1/x) It is WATER.

Specifically, solar-powered reverse-osmosis desalination.

Here is why...

(US specific) You probably think YOUR news source is telling you the whole story, unlike the other side, right?

You're wrong.

France is looking to join BRICS.

Look it up. You will find this in ZERO US-based news sources. All the news sources that reported on this are Indian, French, Chinese, Russian, Greek, etc, nothing from the US.

This is just one example.

There are things that neither (US) party wants you to know, because ultimately they both serve the same Americentric interests.

Radical proposal re: IP rights pertaining to use as AI training inputs:

Any AI model that is released 100% free of charge to everyone forever has the right to be trained on ALL human IP ever produced; supersedes all other IP/copyright law in every jurisdiction. Put another way: you are allowed to train you AI on the sum total of all human knowledge and creative output, but you cannot then profit from the AI you produce, it must also be freely available.

A more political palatable alternative to forgiving student loans would be to unilaterally drop interest rates on all outstanding student loans to 0% (and maybe discharge all paid-in interest so far) for remaining life of the loan. This preserves the conservative “you borrowed it, you should pay it back” argument while also counterbalancing it with a liberal “hey, we gave Wall Street a decade of ZIRP so we should give it to poor young people too.”