Thread by @HarariMelesay

Like all Muslim states in the area, the Emirate of Harar was technically under the protection of the Ottoman Empire. Egypt annexed the Emirate of Harar in 1875.

The Egyptian encroachment into Harari territory was a result of (a) the local developments in Harar and its surroundings and (b) Egypt’s own geo-political dynamics which began as of 1805.

With regard to the local developments in Harar, Hararis were extremely dissatisfied with the autocratic governance of Amir Muhammad, who oppressed them nd betrayed their fundamental interests. the citizens–along 'Abdullah, the Amir’s son organized themselves for removal of tyrant

In Egypt, after the inauguration of the Suez
Canal in1869, Khedive Ismael began his campaign to occupy the whole of the Red Sea littoral region with the
vision of establishing a Nile-African empire (Haggai, E., 1977).

Though Egypt by then was under Ottoman Turks, Egypt acted independently with full authority. It seems that the Ottman Turks also accepted this because he was given the Muwali title, unlike the Wakil of other Turkish governors.

In line with their expansionist policy, the Egyptians had
already landed at Zaila. Hararis took advantage of their presence at Zaila to put their plan to dethrone Amir Mohammad into effect.

Accordingly, a delegation including 'Abdullahi, the son of the Amir, was sent to Zaila with a mission to invite the
Egyptian army to help them in deposing the Amir and dissoving his government.

On receipt of the message, on 16 July 1875, Ismael decided to take over Harar and
ordered Muhammad Rauf Pasha to march from Zaila towards the City State.

When the Egyptians approached Harar, Muhammad sent two letters of submission to Muhammad Rauf Pasha.
Paulitsc recorded that the Amir also sent delegation composed of Harari notables and elders including the Chief Qadi and his older son Haji Yusuf, with a letter of submission.

One of Amir Mohammed’sLetters to Mohammed Rauf Pasha This Amir's delegation met Rauf Pasha at a place called Jaldeisa, but to no avail. Leaving Zaila with an expeditionary force of some 1,200 troops on 18 September 1875, Muhammad Rauf Pasha advanced on
Harar,

which he entered, on 11 October, with no opposition. The Egyptians put an end to the Sovereignty of the emirate of Harar. In October 1875 Amir Muhammad
bin' Ali b. Abd ash-Shakur (r. 1855-75) was executed(Miran, J., 2005).

Emirates of #Harar