Brennan Spiegel, MD, MSHS Profile picture
Mar 30, 2020 8 tweets 5 min read Read on X
Breaking #COVID19 Data – Please Share: #COVID19 is #NotJustCough. For the past 2 weeks I've worked with colleagues in Wuhan to analyze data on digestive symptoms of #COVID19. We just published the pre-print here: journals.lww.com/ajg/Documents/… This paper focuses on people with...(1/8)
...less severe disease reflective of those in the community who do not need critical care but wonder about their symptoms. In this study, we focused on #COVID19 patients w/ digestive symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. We found that compared to people w/ only...(2/8)
...respiratory symptoms but no gastro symptoms, those with GI symptoms were more likely to test positive in stool for #COVID19, to have a longer delay before viral clearance, & to experience delayed diagnosis compared to those w/ respiratory symptoms alone. When people...(3/8)
...presented with GI symptoms, they had fever 62% of the time. Fever was more common in those with both upper (nausea/vomiting) and lower (diarrhea) GI symptoms. The #COVID19 diarrhea lasts 1 to 14 days, w/ average duration of ~5 days & frequency of ~4 bowel movements...(4/8)
...per day. Importantly, gastro symptoms are common in the community & most instances of new-onset diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting are *not* from #COVID19. Nonetheless, clinicians should recognize that new-onset, acute GI symptoms in a patient with a possible contact should...(5/8)
...at least prompt consideration of the illness, particularly during times of high #COVID19 incidence/prevalence. Failure to recognize these patients early may lead to unwitting spread of the disease among outpatients with mild illness who remain undiagnosed and...(6/8)
...unaware of their potential to infect others. The data in this study highlight the presence and features of this important subgroup of #COVID19 patients but should be confirmed in larger international studies. In the meantime, people with new-onset diarrhea, especially...(7/8)
...with fever, should contact their doctor (as always), self-quarantine, and be fastidious about hand washing, including after toileting (again, as always). Full press release from @AmCollegeGastro is here: gi.org/wp-content/upl…. Remember: #COVID19 is #NotJustCough.
(8/8)

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More from @BrennanSpiegel

Jul 7, 2020
Breaking data: Today we released a new study of 53K Americans revealing that use of proton pump inhibitors (eg. Prilosec, Prevacid, Nexium) is associated w/ a 2-4x risk of #COVID19. In this thread I explain why we did this study, what we found, what it may mean, & key limitations
2. Here is a link to the full peer-reviewed study published online in #AmJGastro: journals.lww.com/ajg/Documents/…. Also, the @AmCollegeGastro released this fact sheet with answers to FAQs: webfiles.gi.org/links/media/AC…. Both documents are more effective than tweets to convey the full results.
3. Let's start with biological plausibility. There's a reason we have stomach acid; it helps sterilize food by killing pathogens. We've known for years that acid can rapidly inactivate certain viruses. For example, this 2004 study shows pH<5 inactivates SARS-CoV-1.
Read 19 tweets
Apr 12, 2020
When should a negative #COVID19 test be ignored? Let's say a doctor sees a patient w/ possible #COVID19. She highly suspects infection because patient has cough, chest pain, abnormal chest x-ray, fever, diarrhea & known exposure. Doc puts the chance at 90%. Next... (1/5)
... a throat swab is checked but comes back negative. Let's assume that throat swab is 90% sensitive & specific (in reality, it's lower than that, but let's assume a best case scenario). What is the chance this patient still has #COVID19? Read on... (2/5)
Turns out there's math for this. We use Bayes theorem. Good news is no need to memorize the equation. Just punch the numbers into this app (one of many): apps.apple.com/us/app/bayes-p…. Pic shows scenario where pre-test likelihood is 90% & test is 90% sensitivity/specific. Next... (3/5)
Read 5 tweets
Apr 11, 2020
The equation below has never been more important. It's Bayes' theorem; I teach it to all my students. I'm not hearing much discussion about how to use this equation to diagnose #COVID19. As a result, I'm concerned we are missing cases. In a nutshell, here's how it works... (1/5)
When clinicians see a patient w/ possible #COVID19, they should look at the whole picture (all symptoms, lab data, imaging, exposures, etc) & estimate a "pre-test probability" of disease. If it's high enough, they should test. Test comes back either +ive or negative. Next...(2/5)
...the clinician revises the probability, either up (if +ive) or down (if -ive). But just because a test is neg does not fully exclude C-19, & same in reverse. I've heard from colleagues around the world of cases where a doc had very high pre-test probability of C-19, but...(3/5)
Read 5 tweets
Apr 1, 2020
*Please share*: Top ten facts about #COVID19 and the gut: C19 is #NotJustCough. In the past 3 wks we've learned a lot about how C19 infects the gastrointestinal tract. In this tweetorial, I summarize what's known and provide relevant research links in one place. Here goes...(1/6)
1. 50.5% of hospitalized patients report one or more digestive symptom (including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or low appetite). Here's the link: journals.lww.com/ajg/Documents/…

2. 18.6% of hospitalized patients report diarrhea, in particular (same link as above) (2/6)
3. 53% of #COVID19 test positive in stool: gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-…

4. 73% of C19 with diarrhea test positive in stool vs. 14% w/ only respiratory symptoms: journals.lww.com/ajg/Documents/…

5. 23% remain positive in stool after negative respiratory samples: gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-… (3/6)
Read 6 tweets
Mar 23, 2020
Evolving #COVID19 data, please share: Could COVID19 spread through stool? In this thread, I will summarize what our editorial team at #AmJGastro knows about the risk of fecal spread. I will start by emphasizing that we do *not* yet know, for sure, if it spreads though... (1/10)
...stool. But we do know the following: (1) #COVID19 genetic material is frequently found in stool. This study found 53% of stool samples were positive: gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-…. (2) The virus sheds into the stool for weeks, even after respiratory symptoms subside. This... (2/10)
...report found that for >50% of patients, fecal samples remain positive for ~11 days after respiratory samples are negative: thelancet.com/journals/langa…. The authors suggests the virus replicates in the GI tract even after viral clearance in the lungs. (3) The virus can be... (3/10)
Read 10 tweets
Mar 18, 2020
Breaking #COVID19 Data – Please Share (1/10): On behalf of @AmCollegeGastro, our editorial team at #AmJGastro just released a study from Wuhan, China reporting 48.5% of patients presented to hospital with a digestive symptom as their chief complaint. Coronavirus is #NotJustCough.
(2/10) One in 5 presented with either diarrhea, nausea, vomiting or belly pain as the presenting complaint. “Clinicians must bear in mind,” write the authors, “that digestive symptoms, such as diarrhea, may be a presenting feature of #COVID-19, & that the index of suspicion may…
(3/10) …need to be raised earlier in these cases rather than waiting for respiratory symptoms to emerge.” Moreover, patients with digestive symptoms had a worse clinical outcome and higher mortality. Emphasizes importance of including symptoms like diarrhea to suspect #COVID19.
Read 10 tweets

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