Thread by @INDArtCulture

𝐀𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐒𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲

Indian civilization - Strong tradition of science and technology

- Innovations and techniques found by the old Indians have made & fortified the essentials of present-day science

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𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔

- Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Astronomy, Astrology

- Techniques of Algebra and concept of zero originated in India

- Sulva Sutra- written by Baudhayana 6th Cen BCE – earliest book of mathematics

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Sulva sutra- written by Baudhayana 6th Cen BCE – earliest book of mathematics

- Mention of pi
- Concepts similar to Pythagoras theorem

Apastambha – 2nd Cen BCE
- Concepts of geometry
- Right angle, obtuse and acute angle
- Helped in construction of fire altar ( Agni Vedee)

𝑨𝒓𝒚𝒂𝒃𝒉𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒂

- The legendary mathematician was a resident of Patliputra (5th century CE)

- Collected existing concepts and developed the algebraic theories and other mathematical concepts

- Successfully calculated the value of pi

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Wrote Aryabhattiya around 499CE – 4 sections

- Methods for denoting big decimal numbers

- Number theory, geometry, algebra, some trigonometry

- Astronomy(2 Sections)

- In trigonometry, he concluded for a triangle, the result of a perpendicular with the half-side is the area

- Worked on the motions of the solar system

- Aryabhatta studied Astronomy for accuracy of calendars, navigations, to look at a horoscope, to get knowledge about starts and tides

- Earth is round and rotates on its axis

- Earth is a rotating sphere - diameter is 1,050 yojanas

- Jyotisa- positions of the planet, movement of sun moon, eclipse calculations

- Aryabhattiyam - a lot of references of Suryasidhanta

𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒖𝒑𝒕𝒂

- 598–668 CE

- Book – Brahmasputa Siddhantika – Mentioned Zero for the first time as a number

- Negative numbers as debt

- Positive numbers as fortunes

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- Gave solutions for the general linear equation, two equivalent solutions to the general quadratic equation

- Theories to find cube and cube root of an integer

- The formula for cyclic quadrilaterals, a theorem on rational triangles and values of (pi)

𝑩𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒂-𝑰

- 7th-century Indian mathematician,

- first to write numbers in the Hindu decimal system with a circle for the zero,

- Aryabhatiyabhasya, written in 629 CE

- Mahabhaskariya and Laghubhaskariya – Astronomical Work

𝑩𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒚𝒂 (𝑩𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒂-𝑰𝑰)

- 12th cen. CE

Book – Siddhanta Shiromani
- Lilavati - Named after his daughter deals with arithmetic

- Beejganita (Algebra)

- Goladhyaya (deals with spheres, astronomy )

- Grahaganita (astronomy)

- Cyclic method or Chakravat method

- First to conceive the concept of differential calculus
calculation of altitude, area of triangle and quadrilaterals

- Conceptual design for a perpetual motion machine by Bhaskara II dates to 1150 AD

- Used a measuring device - Yasti-yantra

𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒂

- Authored the Chandahsastra

-Description of a binary numeral system

- Material related to the Fibonacci numbers, called matrameru

- Pingala used light (laghu) and heavy (guru) rather than 0 and 1 to describe syllables

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𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅

- Narayan Pandit – wrote Ganitakaumudi & Bijaganitavatamsa

- Nilkantha Somasutvan – wrote Tantrasamgraha

- Nilkantha Jyotirvida – Tajik

- Sawai Jai Singh – set up 5 atronomical observatories – Jaipur, Delhi, Varanasi, Ujjain, Mathura

𝑵𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒓𝒋𝒖𝒏𝒂

- Born in GJ in 931CE

- Power of changing base metal into gold & Extraction of “Elixir of life”

- Wrote – Rasaratnakara - Deals with prep. of liquids (main mercury)

Rasarnava – deals with tantrism – metallic preparation and alchemy

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- Use of animal and vegetable products – to prepare an elixir of life from mercury

-Wrote – uttaratantra – a supplement to Sushruta Samhita – preparation of medicinal drugs

𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒉𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒉𝒊𝒓𝒂
- Geology, hydrology, ecology

- Among the 9 gems in the court of vikramaditya

- Vikramaditya awarded him title Varaha

- Presence of termites and plants indicates presence of water

- Wrote Brihat Samhita – Earth cloud theory

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𝑷𝒉𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒔

Vedic Times – Panchmahabhootas – identified with human sense of perception

- Prithvi – smell
- Fire – Vision
- Air – Feeling
- Water – taste
- Akash – sound

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- 5differnt types of parmanu for 5 elements – idea of the splitting of an atom

- The last minuscule matter – Parmanu

- Maharshi Kanada and Pakudha Katyayana – 6th cen. BC first coined the idea of the atom

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𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒆

- Dhanvantari – God of medicine

- Atharvaveda- mentioned about diseases, its cure & medicines including diarrhea, sores, cough, fever

- Taxshila and Varanasi – centers for medicinal learning

- Atreya and Agnivesa- dealt with principles of Ayurveda in 800BCE

𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒌 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒂

- Use of plants and herbs

- Eight components – General medicine, paediatrics, surgery, ENT, Demonology, Toxicology, Elixirs, Aphrodisiacs

- Notes on digestion, metabolism, and immune system and 3 doshas

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𝑺𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒓𝒖𝒕 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒂

- Deals with surgery and Obstetrics

- Anatomy in details

- Rhinoplasty(plastic surgery) – restoration of mutilated nose through plastic surgery

- Ophthalmology (ejection of cataract)

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Sarangdhara Samhita

- 13th cen CE

- Emphasis on use of opium in medicines and for urine extraction

- Rasachikitsa System – treatment of diseases using mineral medicines

- Unani System – Came to india from Greece with the book- Firdausu hikmat written by Ali-bin-Rabban

𝑺𝒉𝒊𝒑 𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Yukti Kalpa Taru – Sanskrit – techniques used in shipbuilding

According to length and cabin position
- Sarvamandira vessel
- Madhyamandira
- Agramandira

Sea Voyage
- Dirgha – Long and narrow hull
- Unnata – Higher hull

References:
-Science and Technology by Sheelwant Singh
-Thebetterindia.com
-Jagran josh
-Unesco.org
-Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania
-Indian Art and Culture by Gaurav Agarwal
-Date Panchang

Please find the PDF for Ancient Science & Technology as well as Calendars here,

drive.google.com/file/d/1NAKLqH…

With Love,
Team #INDArtCulture