Thread by @INDArtCulture

𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓

The systems adopted to frame the calendar
-Solar System
-Lunar System
-Luni-solar system

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- Solar Year: Represents time taken by the earth while revolving in its orbit around the sun

- Consists of 365 days, 5hrs, 48min, 46sec, Having 12 months

Lunar Year: Lunar months varies from 29.26-29.80 days, hence gives 354days/year – short of 11 days

- Consists of 12 months

- Solar Month - 12 months bears 12 zodiac signs – Rashis

- Lunar Month - Ends either with New moon(Amavasya) or full moon (Purnima)

- The months are divided into 2 pakshas

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- Krishna Paksha - starts with the day following the full moon

- Shukla paksha - starts with the day following the new moon

Lunar Day- Tithi , Solar Day – Divasa

Duration of a tithi is shorter than Divasa

Tithi -divided as Ghatika, Pala, Vipala

𝑯𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓

-28 nakshatra; Each Rashi consists of 2-3 nakshatras

Classification of the solar year

- Uttarayan – Makara Sankranti to Karka Sankranti (Jan-June)

- Dakshinayan – Last six mnths from July to December

𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓

Generally, four types of calendars are followed:

- Vikram Samvat

- Saka Samvat

- Hijri calendar

- Gregorian calendar

𝑽𝒊𝒌𝒓𝒂𝒎 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒗𝒂𝒕

- Started 56BCE

- Est by King Vikramaditya of Ujjain to commemorate his victory over saka ruler

- marks the beginning of the Vikrama era that prevailed in India and Nepal

- Originally instituted by Malwa Ganrajya

- Lunar Calendar

- 354days divided

𝑺𝒂𝒌𝒂 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒗𝒂𝒕

- Initiated by king Shalivahan in 78CE

- Both solar and lunar with a lunar month and solar year

- Begins on 22nd March every year except in Gregorian leap year(21st March)

- No of days – 365

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- Historic Hindu calendar which was later introduced as ‘Indian National Calendar’ in 1957 by the Calendar Reforms Committee

- Saka calendar is used also by the Indonesian Hindus in Bali and Java

- Gazette of India uses this calendar along with the Gregorian Calendar

𝑯𝒊𝒋𝒓𝒊 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓

- Arabic origin

- Islamic lunar calendar which consists of 12 lunar months and 354/355 days

- began in 622 CE during which the migration of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra happened

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- Muslims use this calendar to decide the proper days on which to observe Ramadan, to attend Hajj, etc

- Falls short of one year every 33years compared to Gregorian calendar

𝑮𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓

- Based on the birthday of the founder of Christianity

- Solar year first day of Jan

- named after Pope Gregory XIII & is the most used calendar in the world

- the average year 365.2425 days long

- extra hrs adjusted by adding 1 day to Feb

𝒁𝒐𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓

- commenced from 632CE

- Parsis have two new year – Jamshedi Navroz and Kadmi New Year/Pateti

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References:
-Science and Technology by Sheelwant Singh
-Thebetterindia.com
-Jagran josh
-Unesco.org
-Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania
-Indian Art and Culture by Gaurav Agarwal
-Date Panchang