Thread by @INDArtCulture

𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂

Hindustani Music – Mainly in Northern India
Carnatic Music - Mainly in Southern India

Despite having such a variety of cultural interactions, our music has remained essentially melodic.

PC- Jagranjosh, indianetzone, Rangreet

𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒊 𝑴𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒄

- Kharaharapriya – Sama Veda -7 notes mentioned

- Science of Music – Gandharva Veda

- Bharata’s Natyasastra (200BCE-200CE)

- Sangeet Ratnakara – 264 ragas

PC -wisdomlib.org

- Sangeet Makaranda – 11th Cen. – 93 ragas and classified as musculin and feminine forms

- Gurukul System- Guru-Shishya Parampara

- focuses more on the musical structure

- Scope of improvisation

- Scale of Shudha Swara Saptaka

- 3 Main Pillars - Raga, Tala, Swara

𝑺𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒂

- Notational system of Hindusthani music

- Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni, - Saptak/Sargam

- Shruti is the smallest gradation of pitch

- 22 shrutis out of which only 12 audible

- 7suddha swaara and 5 Vikrut swaras

PC -Indianclassicalmusic5.blogpost.com

𝑹𝒂𝒈𝒂

- Form the basis of melodies

- According to no of notes in ragas

- Odava Raga – 5notes

- Shadava Raga – 6 notes

- Sampurna Raga – 7 notes

- 3Speeds – Drut(fast); Madhya(medium); Vilambit(slow)

- 6 main ragas – Bhairav, Deepak, Hindol, Megh, Shree, Malkauns

3major types of Ragas

- Shuddha Raga – Nature and form doesn’t change if any note that is absent from composition is played

- Chhayalag Raga - Nature and form changes if any note that is absent from composition is played

- Sankeerna Raga – the combination of 2+ ragas

- Principal Note- On which raga is built – Vaadi

- 4th/ 5th note in relation to principal raga – Samvaadi

- All other notes – Anuvaadi

- Notes which are not present –Vivadi

-Aaaroha – Avaroha

𝑻𝒂𝒍𝒂

- Form the basis of rhythm

- Grouping of beats

- The tempo of tala – uniformity of time span – Laya

- 30 talas currently known and 12-15 in use

- Carnatic music – more rigid structure

𝑫𝒉𝒓𝒖𝒑𝒂𝒅

- oldest forms of Hindustani classical music

- mention in Natyashastra (200 BCE–200 CE).

- At zenith in the court of emperor Akbar

- employed and patronized Baba Gopal Das, Swami Haridas, and Tansen

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- poetic form

- Sanskrit syllables – temple origin

- 4-5 stanzas, Tanpura, Pankhwaj

- Dhrupad singing can be further divided into four forms on the basis of vanis or banks:

A) Dagari Gharana: sings in the Dagar Van, great emphasis on alap.

B) Darbhanga Gharana: sing the Khandar Vani and Gauhar Vani, emphasize on the raga alap, variety of layakari

C) Bettiah Gharana: sings the Nauhar and Khandar vani, Haveli style

D) Talwandi Gharana: sing the Khandar vani, based in Pakistan

PC- Gundecha Brothers, Youtube

𝑲𝒉𝒚𝒂𝒍

- Khyal- idea or imagination

- Origin- Amir Khusrau.

- popular amongst the artists as this provides greater scope for improvisation.

- short songs - two to eight lines- Bandish

- composed in a particular raga

- Bada Khyal –slow tempo; Chhota Khyal – fast tempo

- Themes are romatic in nature

- Major gharanas: Gwalior, Kirana, Patiala, Agra, and Bhendibazaar Gharana

- Gwalior Gharana is the oldest

- Pt. Bhimsen Joshi, Gangubai Hangal, Bade Fateh Ali Khan

PC-The Hindu

𝑻𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒂 𝑺𝒕𝒚𝒍𝒆

- rhythm - a very crucial role, consists of melody.

- sung at a fast tempo.

- singers need specialized training and skills

- Pandit Rattan Mohan Sharma – Tarana ke Baadshah

PC -rattanmohansharma.com

𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒎𝒓𝒊

- Inspired by Bhakti Movement

- romantic & devotional singing

- Compositions are mostly on love, separation and devotion.

- Distinct feature: Erotic subject matter portrayed picturesquely from the various episodes of the lives of Lord Krishna & Radha.

- Hindi or Braj Bhasha dialects

- Purbi Thumri –slow tempo

- Punjabi Thumri – Fast Tempo

- Three main gharanas of thumri — Benaras, Lucknow and Patiala.

- Begum Akhtar - most popular singers of thumri style

PC-Hindustan Evergreen Youtube

𝑻𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒂

- Rhythem plays important role.

- Originated from the folk songs of camel riders of North-West India.

- Great use of very quick turn of phrases.

- Baithaki style

- Mian Sodi, Pandit Laxman Rao of Gwalior, Shanno Khurana.

PC -Indianetzone

𝑮𝒉𝒂𝒛𝒂𝒍

-expression of pain of loss & the beauty of love in spite of that pain.

- Originated in Iran in the 10th century CE.

- never exceeds the 12 ashaar or couplets.

- Spread - due to Sufi mystics and courts of the new Islamic Sultanate.

- Amir Khusrau

PC-medium

Carnatic Music

- Kriti – highly evolved musical song set to certain Raga & fixed tale

- Pallavi – first/ second rhythmic line - often repeated –

- Rangam Thanam Pallavi

- Anu Pallavi – Two lines follow the Pallavi

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- Varnam – composition was sung at the beginning of recital Purvaranga & Uttararanga

- Rangamalika – concluding part of the performance

- Thanam –melodic improvisation in free rhythm

Difference between Hindustani and Carnatic Music

𝑴𝒂𝒋𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒐𝒍𝒌 𝑴𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒄

References:

-ccrtindia.gov.in
-iccr.gov.in
-Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania
-Indian Art and Culture by Gaurav Agarwal

Please find the PDF here

drive.google.com/file/d/1H7A4Hx…