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𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐔𝐀𝐆𝐄𝐒

Language - a collection of sounds that a group of people understands - communication through speech

A language family: includes languages related through a common ancestor

Dialect: local language spoken in a limited area

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𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒂

𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒐-𝑨𝒓𝒚𝒂𝒏 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 :

- branch of the larger Indo European group of languages

- largest language group of India

- around 74% of Indians speak

Group divided into 3 groups

Old Indo Aryan Group :

- development around 1500 BCE

- Sanskrit was born around this period.

- Sanskrit - found in Vedas, Puranas, Upanishads, etc

- Ashtadhyayi – oldest book in Sanskrit grammar – by Panini

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Middle Indo-Aryan Group (600 BCE to 1000 CE):

- Prakrit language developed.

- Prakrit – mother language for Pali, Apabhramsha, Ardha Magadhi.

- Pali -the main language used in Buddhist scripts.

- Buddha himself preached in Pali

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Modern Indo Aryan Group :

- Hindi
- Assamese
-Bengali
-Gujarati
-Marathi
-Punjabi
-Odia
-Urdu
and many more

𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑:

- 25% of Indian population are covered

- These are classified into three categories.

A) Northern : Brahui (Baluchistan), malto (tribal areas of Bengal and Odisha) and Kurukh (Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh) are the main languages.

- Central: 11 languages i.e. gondi, Khond, Kui, Telugu. Only Telugu became a civilised language and is spoken in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

- Southern: 7 languages Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, Tulu, Kodagu, Toda, and Kota. Tamil is the oldest amongst these

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- Telugu – Numerically largest of all Dravidian language

- Tamil – Oldest and purest form

- Kannada

- Malayalam – smallest and youngest of all the Dravidian languages

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𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒐 𝑻𝒊𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑:

- belong to the Mongoloid family

- stretch all over North Bihar, North Bengal, assam and in North East.

- 0.6% people speaks this group

- 2 categories

A) Siamese Chinese :
Ahom languages - become extinct.

B) Tibeto Burman :
- Again divided into 4 parts

- Tibetan – Bhutiyas, Sikkimis, Sherpa, Ladahi, Lahuli

- Himalayan Kinnauri and Limbu

- Assam-Burmese-kuki-chin, Bodo, Naga

- North Assam – Abor, Miri, Dafla, Mishmi

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𝑨𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄

- spoken by the Munda or Kol group and

- spoken in central, eastern and northeastern India.

- Santhali - important language spoken among the santhal tribals such as Jharkhand, Bihar and Bengal.

𝑶𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔

- The Indian Constitution, in 1950, A.343(1) - declared Hindi in Devanagari Script to be the official language of the union.

- English shall continue to be used for all official purposes

- Official Language Act, 1963 – Hindi in Devnagari script – Official language of union

- English in addition to Hindi , continues to be used for all official purposes as Subsidiary official language

𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒉 𝑺𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒆

- 22 languages

- Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarathi, Hindi, Kananda, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu

PC-TIE

There is 𝑵𝒐 𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒂 – neither constitution nor act defines any national language

English is not in the list of 22 languages under VIII schedule

Language of the Judiciary
all proceedings in the SC of India shall be in English.

𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑴𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

- National Translation Mission (NTM)

- Government of India initiative,

- all Indian languages listed in the VIII schedule

- set up as per the National Knowledge Commission's recommendation.

PC -ntm.org.in

- MHRD - as the nodal organization for the operationalization of NTM.

- to make knowledge texts accessible through translation

𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔

- based on the recommendation of a committee of linguistic experts constituted by the Ministry of Culture

- Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada and Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014)

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𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂:

- Recorded history over 1500-2000years

- Body of literature/text - Valuable heritage by generations

- Must be original and not borrowed from another

- Distinct from modern

𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒔:

- 2 major international awards

- Centre of excellence for studies in classical language

- UGC – certain no of professional chairs for classical languages

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙

- Probability that two people from population at random will have different mother tongue

0 – same mother tongue

1 – different mother tongue

- Its based on population of each language as a proportion of total population

𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕𝒔:

- called as Orthography

- Brahmi is the mother of all scripts

- Urdu – script derived from Arabic

𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒉𝒎𝒊 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕

-Oldest writing system
-Rock cut edicts of Ashoka
-Deciphered in 1837 by James Prinsep
-From Left to right
-Abugida writing system

𝑮𝒖𝒑𝒕𝒂 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕

-Descended from Brahmi
-Gave rise to Nagari, Sharada and Siddham scripts

PC-Britannica

𝑲𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒉𝒊 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕 (3𝑩𝑪𝑬-3𝑪𝑬)

- Used in ancient Gandhara
- Sister script of Brahmi
- Includes set of numerals
- Right to left
- Abugida

PC-Indianetzone

𝑽𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒕𝒖 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕

-Abugida
-Originating in South India
-Developed by Tamil people to write Tamil script

𝑲𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒂 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕

-For writing Kannada
-Later became Kannada-Telugu Script

PC-Wikipedia

𝑮𝒖𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒖𝒌𝒉𝒊

-Developed from Sarada script
-Guru Granth Sahib has written in Gurumukhi script

𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒓𝒊

-Abugida
-Left to right
-Used for over 120 languages

𝑺𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒂 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕

- For writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri

PC- Researchgate

𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒂 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕
-Tamil speakers to write Sanskrit and Manipravalam
-Malayalam script is a direct descendant of grantha

𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒊 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕
-used to write the Marathi language
-Official script till 20th century
-Now Balbodh style

PC-wikipedia

𝑼𝒓𝒅𝒖 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒕

-Right to left
-Derived from the Arabic alphabet
-Origins in 13th century
-Extended from Shahmukhi script

References:
-Rajbhasha.gov.in
-MHRD
-Knowindia.gov.in
-Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania
-Indian Art and Culture by Gaurav Agarwal

Please find PDF here

drive.google.com/file/d/1jQ45hc…