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𝑨𝑹𝑪𝑯𝑰𝑻𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑼𝑹𝑬 𝑰𝑵 𝑴𝑬𝑫𝑰𝑬𝑽𝑨𝑳 𝑰𝑵𝑫𝑰𝑨

Two kinds of structures

A) First - forts, palaces and tombs.
B) Second - temples, mosques, tanks, wells, bazaars.

- Corbelled: roofs, doors - made by placing a horizontal beam

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𝑹𝒂𝒋𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒚𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆

- building of imposing palaces and forts

- Building of hanging balconies and cornices shaped in an arch

- influenced by Mughal architecture

𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑲𝒂𝒔𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒓

Two Phases
Early medieval Hindu Phase and Later Muslim Rule

𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑲𝒂𝒔𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒓

- At zenith under Karakota dynasty and Utpala dynasty
- Cellular layout and enclosed courtyard
- More no of steps
- Triangular pediments

𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒖𝒏 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆

- Located in Anantnag, Kashmir

- Built-in 8th cen CE – under Lalitaditya Muktapida of Karkota Dynasty

- Gandhara, Gupta and Chinese influence

- Main temple has pyramidal top and carving of gods and goddess

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𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂

- Avantisvamin – for Lord Vishnu

- Avantivarman – for Lord Shiva

- Built by Avantivarman – 1st king of Utpala dynasty – 9th cen CE

- Roman and Gandharan influence

𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆

- Known as Meru Vardha Swami – dedicated to Lord Vishnu & Shiva
- Carved out of single block of stone
- Domed roof and arches

𝑴𝒂𝒎𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒉𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝑺𝒉𝒊𝒗𝒂 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
In pahalgam
Built in around 400 CE
Mentioned in Sanskrit Rajataragini

𝑱𝒂𝒎𝒂 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒋𝒊𝒅, 𝑺𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒓

- Constructed in 14th cen

- Large courtyard, 370 wooden pillars,

- Carved dome is absent – following Kashmiri style of Architecture

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𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒊 𝑴𝒂𝒉𝒂𝒍

- Made by Dara Shikoh

- Had an observatory

- Marvellous terraced structure

- Near Chasm-e-shahi garden

𝑮𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑲𝒂𝒔𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒓

- Chasm-e-shahi – built around fresh springs

- Shalimar Baug – made by Jahangir in 1619CE – 3 terraces

- Nishat Baug – 2nd largest Mughal garden in the valley, near dal lake, 12 terraces

- Badamwari Garden

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𝑴𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆

- Babur – no significant work

- Humayun – Not much focus on architecture, Foundation of Dinpanah city

- Sher Shah Suri – built Qila-e-Quhunah in Delhi, Rohtas fort in Pakistan, Sher Shah Suri masjid in Patna

𝑨𝒌𝒃𝒂𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒏
Use of red sandstone
Use of Tudor arch

𝑨𝒈𝒓𝒂 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒕
Started construction in reign of Akbar - completed in the reign of Shah Jahan
Moti Masjid, Diwan-i-aam, Diwan-i-khas, Jahangiri Mahal, Sheesh Mahal
Gardens are Charbagh style

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𝑭𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒉𝒑𝒖𝒓 𝑺𝒊𝒌𝒓𝒊

- Buildings are the unique blend of Hindu and Persian Style

- Buland Darwaza – 1576 CE, red sandstone structure to commemorate Akbar’s victory over Gujarat

- Salim Chishti’s Tomb – 1581CE, Jaali work in white marbles

- Panch Mahal – Five storey structure, inspired by Persian badgir

- Jodha Bai’s palace – Hindu motifs of Bells and Flowers

- Ibadat Khana – Akbar used to meet leaders of different religions here for discussion

- Hiran Minar – In the memory of Akbar’s favorite Elephant

𝑱𝒂𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒏

- Architecture took back seat – focused on paintings

- Akbar’s tomb in Silandra, his own tomb at Lahore

- His wife Noor Jahan undertook major projects – Tomb of Itmad-ud-daulah – 1st Mughal work in Complete Marble

- White marble

𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒉 𝑱𝒂𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒏

- Mughal Architecture reached a climax

- Taj Mahal – Jaali work, use of calligraphy, pietra dura work, charbagh style garden, use of water for decoration

- Red Fort in Delhi

- Jama Masjid in Delhi

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𝑨𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒛𝒆𝒃 𝑹𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒏
- Mughal Architecture declined

𝑴𝒉. 𝑨𝒛𝒂𝒎 𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒉 𝑹𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒏

- Last Mughal who undertook construction activities

- Built Biwi-ka-Maqbara at Aurangabad – in the memory of his mother Begum Rabia Durani

- Zinat Mahal in the memory of his wife

𝑫𝒆𝒍𝒉𝒊 𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 (1206-1526CE)

Two broad categories
Imperial Style and Provincial Style

Imperial Style
- Slave Dynasty – Mameluke style of architecture
- Remodelling of the existing Hindu structures
- Quwat – ul- Islam mosque – converted from Jain Temple

𝑲𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒋𝒊 𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒚

- from 1290-1320CE

- Est. Seljuk Style of architecture, use of red sandstone

- Arcuade style began, mortar began to be used
Siri Fort, Alai Darwaza

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𝑻𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒍𝒂𝒒 𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒚

- Crisis period for architecture

- Used grey sandstone, Batter Construction style, sloping walls to give more strength to buildings

- Less emphasis on decoration

- Cities of Tughlaqabaad, Ferozabad

𝑳𝒐𝒅𝒊 𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒚

- Only tombs were commissioned

- Introduction of the double dome – to give strength to the structure and To lower the inner height of the dome

- Lodi Garden, City of Agra

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒚𝒍𝒆

𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒍

- Use of bricks and black marble

- Use of sloping of Bangla roof

𝑴𝒂𝒍𝒘𝒂 𝑺𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒍

- Different coloured stones and marbles

- Large windows – European influence – decorated by stylish use of arches and pillars

- Minars were not used
It is also known as Pathan School of Architecture

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- Finest specimen of environmental adaptation
Pavilions are lightly arched, use of large windows, Artificial reservoirs-Baulis

- Locally available material used

- Use of batter system

- Rani Roopmati Pavilion, Jahaz Mahal

𝑱𝒂𝒖𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒓 𝑺𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒍

- Patronage uder Sharqi rulers

- Sharqi style of architecture

- Avaoid the use of minars

- Use of bold and forceful characters painted on huge screens

- Atala Mosque, Jaunpur

𝑩𝒊𝒋𝒂𝒑𝒖𝒓 𝑺𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒍

- Patronage of Adil Shah

- Use of 3-arched facade and bulbous dome

- Use of cornices

- Iron clamps and a strong plaster of mortar

- Walls are rich in carvings

- Gol Gumbaj

𝑺𝒊𝒌𝒉 𝑺𝒕𝒚𝒍𝒆

- Developed in the region of Punjab

- Heavily influenced by Mughal style

- Use of multiple Chhatris

- Use of shadow cornices

- Fluted dome – covered with brass and copper guilds

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References:
-knowindia.nic.in
-agra.nic.in
-Rajasthan Tourism
-Indian Art & Culture by Nitin Singhania
-Indian Art & Culture by Gaurav Agarwal

please find the PDF here

drive.google.com/file/d/1L-q4We…