[Thread]
A brief introduction of history of Chinese Xinjiang:
A brief introduction of history of Chinese Xinjiang:
1) The earliest human civilization in today's Xinjiang can be traced back to about 2,400 years ago. At that time, Xinjiang was known as the "Xiyu" (Western Regions) by people in central China. There were three ancient clans in the Western regions: Yuezhi, Wusun and Qiang.
2) Before the Huns came, Xiyu was ruled by 36 small city-states just like the ancient Greece. The difference was that it was the sea and the mountains that separated the city-states in Greece, but it was the desert that separated the city-states in Xiyu.
3) In the 3rd century BC, with the rise of Hun, an ancient regime on the Mongolian plateau, the city-states in Xiyu became subordinate to Hun. In 139 BC, the Han Empire sent a special envoy Zhang Qian to Xiyu to ally with the Yueshi against the Hun.
4) In the following decades, the Han Empire defeated the Hun and gradually conquered the whole Xiyu. In 60 BC, the government of the Han Empire was formally established in Xiyu. But the original Kings of those city-states in Xiyu were still recognized by the Han Empire.
5) In the early 1st century, the Han Empire got into civil war. Xiyu fell into chaos again, and the Huns entered Xiyu again. In 23 AD, the civil war ended, and the Han Empire quickly recovered Xiyu. In AD 76, the Northern Hun regime was completely defeated in a decisive war.
6) Within a few hundred years, Xiyu was ruled by the Han Empire and its successors, wei and Jin. By 3rd century, China was plunged into a massive civil war after massive rebellion and the end of the Jin Empire due to the abuse of mercenaries(like the end of the Roman Empire).
7) Due to the absence of the central dynasty, Xiyu also fell into tribal wars for hundreds of years until a new central dynasty Sui was built up. In late 5th century, Xiyu was conquered by ancient Turk. In 583 A.D., ancient Turks broke into two and Xiyu was ruled by western one.
8) Sui Empire was built up in 581 A.D. and soon regained control of most of Xiyu. After Tang Empire succeeded Sui in 618 A.D., accient Turks were defeated by Tang and the northwestern part of Xiyu was recovered too.
9) It is worth noting that the ancient Turks were not the natives of Xiyu, but brief conquerors from the Mongolian plateau
The leaders of accient turk surrendered to Tang Empire. A small branch of western turks left to western Asia and were considered as the ancestors of Turkey.
The leaders of accient turk surrendered to Tang Empire. A small branch of western turks left to western Asia and were considered as the ancestors of Turkey.
10) The Western governments of the Tang Empire ruled present-day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia. However, Tang's expeditionary forces were defeated by Arab armies in the 8th century and lost Central Asia.
11) In the 9th century, the Tang Empire gradually came to an end. Xiyu was once occupied by the Tubo kingdom (an ancient regime located in Tibet and Qinghai), but with the split of the Tubo, Xiyu gradually came under the control of several major tribes of the Huihu.
12)In the 10th century, China entered an era of three regimes: the Song empire ruled by the Han, the Xia empire by the Qiang, and the Liao empire by the Khitan. Later, Liao was replaced by the Jin Empire, ruled by the Jurchens (today's Manchus).
13) Afterwards, a general of the Liao Empire led some exiled Khitans to conquer Xiyu and established the Western Liao Empire. Western Liao was a Han-styled Buddhist Empire but pursued the system of religious freedom, so it has great influence in Central Asia.
14) Then, the era of Genghis Khan came. The Mongolians conquered Xiyu and turned it into a Khanate under the Yuan Empire.
At least time, Mongolians began to called the Huihus as "Uyghurs". However, the "Uyghurs" at that time have became a big family of different people in Xiyu.
At least time, Mongolians began to called the Huihus as "Uyghurs". However, the "Uyghurs" at that time have became a big family of different people in Xiyu.
15) In the 14th century, the Ming Empire replaced the Mongolian ruling over China and established a special government "Hami Guard" in Xiyu to rule various tribes. At the end of15th century, with the decline of the Ming Empire, Xiyu was occupied by several tribes of the Mongols.
16) In 1644, the Qing Empire(ruled by Manchus) captured Beijing and soon conquered the whole China. A Mongols tribe, Junggar, launched a rebellion in Xiyu against the Qing Empire and was defeated in 1755. Another rebellion was initiated by Muslims and was quelled in 1760.
17) In 1762, Qing empire set up a govt in Xiyu. In 1865, Khanate of Kokand invaded Xinjiang with the support of Britain and the Russian Empire, but was completely defeated in 1978. Qing named Xiyu as "Xinjiang"(New land) which means "故土新得"（old territory newly regained）
18) After the revolution in 1911, Xinjiang province was succeeded by Republic of China. Later, with the advent of the warlord era, Xinjiang has also been controlled by different governors (warlords).
19) In 1933, seperatists claimed to build up a state called "Eastern Turkestan" in Kashgar city but was defeated in less than three months. This is the beginning of the chaos about so-called "Eastern Turkestan".
20) In 1944, pro-communists cUyghurs launched a revolution against US-backed RoC regime in Xinjiang. In June 1946, a commander of revolution forces, Eli Khan(A Uzbekistan from USSR), claimed to build up "Eastern Turkestan" in Yining city and was then expelled by revolutionaries.
21) In 1949, as the revolution war in the whole country was coming to victory, PLA marched to Xinjiang in August. In September, RoC-appointed governor of Xinjiang, Tao Zhiyue, announced the uprising and joined PRC. In Octorber, The Xinjiang Ufghurs Autonomous Region was set up.
*least-this.
my stupid typing mistake.
my stupid typing mistake.
